Assignment 110: War poem

Name:- Hinaba D.Sarvaiya.

M.A. sem 2

Paper no:- History of English Literature From 1900to 2000

Roll no:- 09

Enrollment no:- 4069206420210032

Email ID:- hinabasarvaiya1711@gmail.com

Submitted by:- S.B.Gardi Department of English MKBU.

Q:- 'The Soldier' and 'Dulce et Decorum Est' Different Representations of the first World War in Poetry.

Introduction:-

During its duration from 1914 to 1918 the First World War changed the world forever and its impact, politically and culturally, can still be felt today. When the war started on the 28th July 1914 the leaders of the European nations could not foresee the length and the brutality of this war. They believed the war would be over by winter, but instead it lasted for four years, causing the death of millions.

Art, and especially poetry, was, of course, influenced by this war. 'Dulce et Decorum Est' poem by Wilfred Owen and 'The Soldier' poem by Ruper Brook. Both poem are representation of different mentality.

What is War poem?

War poetry is a literary genre originated during war time when hundreds of soldiers, and also civilians caught up in conflict, started to write poetry as a way of striving to express extreme emotion at the very endge of experience. War poetry is not necessarily ‘anti-war’. It is, however, about the very large questions of life: identity, innocence, guilt, loyalty, courage, compassion, humanity, duty, desire, death. Its response to these questions, and its relation of immediate personal experience to moments of national and international crisis, gives war poetry an extra-literary importance. Owen wrote that even Shakespeare seems ‘vapid’ after Sassoon: ‘not of course because Sassoon is a greater artist, but because of the subjects’. 

The First World War and its poetry:-

the First World War was against the war. In fact, a lot of poetry written at the beginning of the war glorifies the war.

Two of the most famous ‘war poets’ of the First World War are Wilfred Owen and Rupert Brooke. At first glance both poets seem to have many similarities: Both, Owen and Brooke, were civilians, who joined the army at a young age, both wrote poetry inspired by their war experiences, and both died during the war. But looking at the content of their poems the differences are significant, almost as if both poets witnessed different wars: While Brooke’s poems glorify war and the heroic deeds of the soldiers, Owen’s poetry tries to show the reality of war and trench warfare.

As both poets are examples for the changing perception of war in early and later ‘war poetry’, so are their poems “The Soldier” and “Dulce et Decorum est” examples of how those different mentalities are represented in poetry.

 A unique characteristic of ‘war poetry’ is its extremely realistic and vivid writing, trying to show the reality of modern warfare. This is seen, for example, in the later poetry by Sassoon or Owen, with the aim to warn people of the war (cf. White 56). Generally, the ‘war poets’ are divided into two groups, with the battle of the Somme1 marking the division between those two (cf. Johnston xi-xii): The early poets from 1914 to 1916, who are characterized by their pro-war and patriotic attitude, and the later poets from 1917 to 1918, who became disillusioned with the war and wrote anti-war poetry. To fully understand the poetry of that time, it is therefore important to connect the poetry to the individual war experiences of the poets.

About Poets information:- 

Rupert Brooke:-

Rupert Brooke was an English poet who studied in the niversity of Cambridge and between his graduation in 1909 and the stat of world war I in 1914, Brooke spent most of his time writing and traveling. His poetry during this period, still emphasized the themes of love and nature. Brooke found happiness in Tahiti, but he decided to retire England in 1914 with a few months of retire, world War I began, Brooke volunteered for service in the war and the joined the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve, the gruop's first destination was Antwerp, Belgium. The lull in fighting turned into a fruitful period for Brooke, for itwas then that he produced his best known poetry, the groups of five was sonnets title 'Nineteen Fourteen' these sonnets express the hopeful idealism and enthusiasm with which Britain entered the war.

Wilfred Owen:-

WILFRED OWEN

Even though Owen is one of the most well-known war poets today, he was mostly unknown as a poet during his lifetime. When he was sent to the Somme battlefield in January 1917 the war he saw was a very different one, then the one described in Brook’s poetry. Owen saw hopeless stalemate fights and the horrors of war and became disillusioned of the war.2 During a hospital stay in 1917 he met Siegfried Sassoon and was strongly influenced by him. He wrote most of his poems during that time, until returning to active service in September 1918, but was killed in action on the 4th November 1918, exactly one week before the Armistice. His collected poems were published two years after his death and Owen got recognized and praised as one of the greatest poets of the war, with “Dulce et Decorum est” being one of his most famous poems.

Comparing , 'The Soldiers' and 'Dulce et Decorum Est'

Analysis of the Poems

The themes of “The Soldier” and “Dulce et Decorum est” are very similar, as both deal with death, patriotism, sacrifice and the glorification of war, but the poems come to very different conclusions. As already stated this analysis will focus on the form of both poems, in other words the internal form (the meter and the foot) and the external form, as the form reflects the different mentalities of the poets.

The Soldiers:-

The Soldier, sonnet by Rupert Brooke, published in 1915 in the collection 1914. Perhaps his most famous poem, it reflects British sorrow over and pride in the young men who died in World War I.

Narrated in the first person by an English soldier, the poem is sentimental, patriotic, and epitaphic. In the closing sestet, the poem’s speaker suggests that his soul is eternally linked with England. The poem’s familiar opening lines acquired even greater poignancy as a result of Brooke’s own wartime death.

The poem started lines...

"If I should die, think only this of me: That there's some corner of a foreign field. That is for ever England"

Here we find this poem deeply patriotic and idealistic poem that expresses a soldiers love for his homeland in this case England. Soldier proud for origin of his existence and he desire to consciousness will retire when he dies. The soldiers are very enthusiasm for the war and here we find some hope to retire after die in war.  England shaped, made by soldiers and he always to thanks fully for his country because it give to birth or fresh air, washed rivers blest by suns of home. Soldier desire to..

" In hearts at peace, under an English heaven"

Another poem Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen. Let's discuss it.

Since Owen was among the Georgians, mostly he is compared and contrasted with them. Hibberd (1979) is one of the critics that compares Owen with other Georgians, believing that he gradually separated himself from them and was far above them though in his early poems he was under their influence. 

Dulce et Decroum est“ is an extreme contrast to “The Soldier”, as Owen tries to express and expose the reality of war, with his very direct and realistic style.

Owen uses the form of the poem to reflect his anti-war mentality, as the reader is forced to see the disparity between the harsh reality of war and romantic idealism, usually associated with sonnets.

The title comes from the Latin phrase in Horace, meaning ‘It is sweet and meet to die for one’s country. Sweet! And Decorus!’” (Bloom 15). The Latin word “decorus” has multiple translations and could be translated as ‘beautiful’ or ‘glorious.

"Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,

Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge,

Till on the haunting flares we turned our backs,

And towards our distant rest began to trudge."

In this poem started this lines and we find this poem reflect lted the terrible or brutal situation of the soldiers. The poem reflect the brutal everyday struggle of a company of soldiers. Focuses one soldiers agonizing death and discuss the trama that this event left behind. The poem focuses that  myth of the war is glorious image or horrifying reality. The soldiers are also tired and sleeping is they walk.  Reality of war that is horrific inhuman. Soldier isbdrowing  and jumps past movement gad attack to present movement. Here poet used the grean sea it means the poison and soldiers wearing the mask but not any benifit. The speaker compares to the horror of cancer and other diseases that ravage event the innocent. 

Conclusion:-

the First World War was against the war. In fact, a lot of poetry written at the beginning of the war glorifies the war. The themes of “The Soldier” and “Dulce et Decorum est” are very similar, as both deal with death, patriotism, sacrifice and the glorification of war, but the poems come to very different conclusions. As already stated this analysis will focus on the form of both poems, in other words the internal form and the external form, as the form reflects the different mentalities of the poets.

As both poets are examples for the changing perception of war in early and later ‘war poetry’, so are their poems “The Soldier” and “Dulce et Decorum est” examples of how those different mentalities are represented in poetry.

 

Words :- 1,584.

Work citations:-

Muin, Ben. "The Soldier" and "Dulce Et Decorum Est". Different Representations of the First World War in Poetry. 30 Apr. 2020.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "The Soldier". Encyclopedia Britannica, 4 Aug. 2017, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Soldier-poem-by-Brooke. Accessed 7 May 2022.

Assignment 107 George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty Four

Name:- Hinaba D. Sarvaiya 

M.A. sem 2

Paper no:- Twentieth Century Literature: from World War II to the end of the Century 

Roll no:- 09

Enrollment no:- 4069206420210032

Email ID:- hinabasarvaiya1711@gmail.com

Submitted by:- S.B. Gardi Department of English MKBU

 Q:- What Orwell's Nineteen Eighty Four tells us about today's word.

"Freedom is the right to tell people what they do not want to hear"

             - George Orwell's

Introduction:-

Nineteen Eighty Four also published as 1984, novel by English author George Orwell's published in 1949 as a warning against totalitarianism. The novel presented many of concept, such as Big brother and the thought police, are instantly recognised and understood, often as bywords for modern social and political abuses.

Eric Arthur Blair, known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic. His work is characterised by lucid prose, social criticism, opposition to totalitarianism, and support of democratic socialism.

Let's discuss about the "Nineteen Eighty Four" tells us about today's word, 70 years after it was published.

Seventy years ago, Eric Arthur Blair writing under a penname George Orwell, published '1984' now generally considered a classic of dystopian fiction.

The novel tells the story of Winston Smith, a helpless Middle aged bureaucrat who lives in Oceania, where he is governed by constant surveillance, even though there are no laws, there is a police force, the 'Thought Police' and the constant reminders, in posters that "Big Brother is Watching You".

Smith works at the ministry of Truth, and his job is to rewrite the reports in newspapers of the past to conform with the present reality. Smith lives in a constant state of uncertainty, he is not sure the year is in fact 1984. Although the official account is that Oceania has always been at war with Eurasia, Smith is quite sure he remembers that just a few years ago they had been at war with Eastasia, who has now been proclaimed their constant and loyal ally. The society portrayed in '1984' is one in which social control is exercised through disinformation and surveillance.

As a scholar of television and screen culture. And that time full of modern and developed mant technology that used in Orwell in his novel. Now the time for technology and also many people are watching through technology and control by us like the telescreen used in novel and today is CCTV camera and we know that the everywhere find this CCTV camera and aslo known that we are central through camara and someone is watching You. It very appropriate to technology and technologies described in the novel are very much present in today's world.

'1984' as History:-

One of the key technologies of Surveillance in the novel is the'telescreen' a device very much like our own television.

The Telescreen displays a single channel of news propaganda and wellness programming. It differs form respects. It is olimpissible to turn of and the screen also watches its viewers. The Telescreen is television and surveillance camera in one. In the novel, the character Smith is never sure if he is being actively monitored through the Telescreen.

Orwell's Telescreen was based in the technologies of television pioneered prior to World War II and could hardly vbe seen as science fiction. In the 1930s Germany vhad a working videophone system in place and television programs were already being broadcast in parts of the United States, great Britain and France.

Past, Present and Future:-

The dominant reading of 1984 has been that it was a fire prediction of what could be. In the world's of Italian essayist Umberto eco, 'at least three quarters of what narrates is not negative utopia, but history."

Additionally, scholars have also remarked how clearly '1984' describes the present. In 1959, when the novel was written American watched on average four and a half hours of television a day, in 2009, almost twice that in 2017, television watching was slightly down , to eight hours, more time than we spent asleep.

1984 as present day:-

In the year 1984, however there was much self congratulatory convrage in the U.S. that the dystopia of the novel had not been realized. But media studies scholar mark Miller argued how the famous slogan from the book "Big Brother is Watching You" had been turned to "Big Brother is You, watching Television".

Miller argued that television in the United States teches a different kind of conformity than that portrayed in the novel. In the novel, the Telescreen is used to produce conformity to the party. In Miller's argument, television produces consumtion through advertising as well as a focus on the rich and famous. It also promote endless productivity through message regarding themeaning of success and the virtues of hard work.

Controlling behaviour:-

The shows nod to the novel invokes the kind of benevolent surveillance that 'Big Brother' was meant to signify 

"We are watching You and we will take care of you"

But Big Brother, as a reality show, is also an experiment i. Controlling and modifying behaviour. By asking participants to put their private lives on display, shows such as 'Big Brother' encourage self scruting and behaving according to perceived silocial norms or roles that challenge those perceived norms. 

The stree of performing 2417 on 'Big Brother' has led the show to employ a term of psychologists. Wglhilr contemporary reality T.V. shows do not order participants to directly harm each other, they are often set up as a small-scale social experiment that often involves intense competition or even cruelty.

The Message for Today in Orwell's 1984:-

"In a free Society" wrote the French philosopher Montesquieu, 

" It is not always important that individuals reason well, it is sufficient that they reason, from their individual thought, freedom is born"

Exactly two centuries later, in his futuristic novel '1984' the English political novelist George Orwell gave a tragic illustration of what the world would be without the freedom to think.

Winston, the main character of the novel, lives in a century where individual thought is banned, where only the leader, Big Brother, is allowed to reason and to decide. The large mass of common people do not find in themselves the need to think independently, to question or to investigate what they have been taught.

In our 1984 , Big Brother will not conques the world. However the warnings of George Orwell are more than ever relavant. Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia do not exist and the Big Brother did not succeed in destroying individual thought. However, in a large part of our world, he did succeed, through the management of the news and the considers of the written and spoken word, in severely imparting mans, ability to think freely. Even in the free work, many maintain, inroads have been made, commercial interests try to doctor the news and sometime succeed, elected officials are tempted to misrepresent the truth, government agencies attempt privacy of the individual and military leader feel compelled to hide some of their activities.

The book with its disorientating first sentence "it was a bright cold day I April, and the clocks were striking thirteen" defines the peculiar characteristics of modern tyranny. Today it is social media that collects every gesture, purchase, comment we make online, and feeds an omniscient presence in our lives that can predict our every preference.

Conclusion:-

 " Who Controls tha past, controls the future, who Controls the present, controls the past"

In this assignment we see the George Orwell novel 1984 in concept of the today world. And we find that the Orwell used to technology and show the Big Brother image and controls everyone and most famous slogan is "Big Brother is Watching You" and it today it is very appropriate because this time of full of modern any everyone are used it and bacame the part. And technologies are controls to everyone like Big Brother is Watching You and here we are watching by technology.

Work citations:-

Lowne, Cathy. "Nineteen Eighty-four". Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 May. 2020, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nineteen-Eighty-four. Accessed 8 May 2022.

Bossche, Edmond Vanden. “The Message for Today in Orwell's'1984'.” THE MESSAGE FOR TODAY IN ORWELL'S '1984' Https://Www.nytimes.com/1984/01/01/Nyregion/the-Message-for-Today-in-Orwell-s-1984.Html?Smid=Wa-Share, 1 Jan. 1984.

Seaton, Jean. “Why Orwell's 1984 Could Be about Now.” Https://Www.bbc.com/Culture/Article/20180507-Why-Orwells-1984-Could-Be-about-Now, 7 May 2018.

https://theconversation.com/what-orwells-1984-tells-us-about-todays-world-70-years-after-it-was-published-116940

Assignment 109 Indian theories

 Name:- Hinaba D. Sarvaiya

M.A. SEM 2

Paper no:-109 Literary Theory and Indian Aesthetics

Roll no:- 09

Enrollment no:- 4069206420210032

Email ID:- hinabasarvaiya1711@gmail.com

Submitted by:- S.B. Gardi Department of English MKBU

Q:- Discuss the Classification of Literary Theories under Indian Poetics.

Introduction:-

From the ages, different scholars have tried to defined Kavya in different manners. Among them all, scholars have tried to discover soul of Kavya. Kavya is just like that one cannot easily define or give any punctuation marks indeed it is the experience of enjoyment. Aristotle has defined in his Poetics but it rather deals with simply two aspects or Rasas pity and fear, while Indian Poetic is easy and yet much deeper Poetics. Different Scholars have introduced various mimansas about poetics. Western Poetics deals with the result of the poetry while Indian Poetics deals with process of poetry. In Indian Poetics, external tools can help to understand poetry. According to Indian Poetics “Literary Criticism is Literary Philosophy.”

The Sanskrit word for literature is SAHITY, which etymologically means coordination, balance, concord and contact. In the Indian Poetics definition of literature defined as kavya as Aristotle defines “Poetics”. It enhances beauty and worth but there is spine line difference between Indian Poetics and Western Poetics. 

Six major School of the Indian Poetics:

1. School of Rasa 

2. School of Dhavani 

3. School of Vakrokti 

4. School of Alamkara 

5. School of Riti 

6. School of Auchitya.

Let's discuss about the Literary Theories under Indian Poetics:-

1.Rasa Theory:-

Traditional considers the 'Naryasastra' as an additional Veda, so important has it been in the history of indian literary thought. A version of the Naryasastra' had been in existence before the third century but by the third century, it had taken a definitive shape, as the references of later critics indicate. The authorship of 'Natyasastra' is ascribed to Bharatmuni the author of this great work, ever existed.

The Natyasastra is a fondaments of performed arts, drama, music, dance. The Natyasastra was used through the fifteen hundred years of Sanskrit literary theory as the bedrock of literary theory. Whether it was Abhinavgupta, Mammata or Viswanath, discussing poetry and literature during the subsequent centuries, they inevitably turned to Bharata's formulations as the polar star of indian aesthetics. Bharata has been the maker of the Rasa theory.

There are many renderings of the Naryasastra's and parts of it in modern Indian languages. It does not make easy reading for the non-Sanskritsts. The Natya is depiction and communication of the emotions. 

"Occasionally Piety, Occasionally sport, Occasionally Wealth, Occasionally Peace of mind, Occasionally laughter, Occasionally fighting, Occasionally Sexual passion, and Occasionally slaughter."

Natya based on the action of men, high, middling and low, this Natya will produce wholesome instruction. Natya, will be an imitative presentation of all the seven Island. The eight rhetorical sentiments recognised in drama and dramatic representation are named: Comic, Heroic, Erotic, pathetic, terrible, odius, Furious, marvelous.

According to Bharatmuni defination of The Rasa Theory:

"विभावानुभावव्याभिचारी संयोगात रसनिष्पत्ति ।"

Bhava:-

The Bhavas bring about poetic content through words, physical gestures and movements and psycho-Physical representation, hence, the name Bhavas. The Bhava is so called as it brings about the inner idea of the poet and makes it pervade the mind of the spectator through the representation of words, physical gesture, colour or emotional expression of the face, and through the acting which is the result of complete concentration and absorption.

Emotion States (Bhava) rising from, 

-The Abiding (sthayin)

-Transient (Sancari or vyabhicari)

-Psycho-physical conditions (sattivika)

The Abiding (sthayin):-

 Eight sthayin bhava like: love, laughter, sorrow, anger, energy, fera, disgust and astonishment.  Vidhava has the meaning of distinct, specific knowledge. Video bhave means Karana (cause), nimitta (instrument), hetu are synonyms. Physical guestures and the psycho physical acting connected with the representation of stable.

Transient (Sancari or vyabhicari)

Thirty three are Transient Bhavas like: Weakness, jealousy, pride, anxiety, shame, joy agitation despair, thoughtfulness, death, fight. The sense of movement or motion because they move towards creating the poetic sentiments in a variety of ways. Connected with speech, body and concentrated mind, lead to the spectator, actual dramatic performance.

Psycho-physical conditions (sattivika):-

Sattivika Bhavas like paralysis, voice breaking, fainting, tears, perspiration ect.. this are originates in the mind. It was also called on account of the equipoised state of mind. Sattva is described for Natya as the latter imitates human nature.

Ranson Speck about this Theory " aesthetically organised language" and according to krishnamoorthy, " the whole field of Sanskrit alamkarasatra or Poetics maybe regarded as one continued attempt to unravel the mystery of beauty in poetic language".

The Alankara Theory:-

Bhamah is considered as a founder of the school. This school believes that there is Rasa and riti in kavya but the Alamkara is dominating feature of it. When the Alamkara is depends on the word. It means if we change the word it does not appear then. Hemchandra 'Kavyanusasana', Mammata 'Kavya Prakash', Visvanatha 'Sahityadarpana' alread mention of the Alankara. Bhattikavya the purpose of which was to narrate a story in verse and to supply examples for rules of grammar and Poetics had devoted considerable attention to the entire set of alakaras in vogue at the time. Alankara meaning several changes with the course of time. Dancing say that " come to designate any factor that produces poetic beauty". Vamana say that, term synonymous with entire beauty in poem (Sundarya).

Poetry as having a body which required to be ornamented. Two basis elements like,

Sound (Sabda)

Sence (Artha)

According Bhamah Kavya was the combination of those two elements. But of poetry they are essential never shine without proper ornaments in the form of poetic figure and hence they are essential. He say that Grammatic aspect in the literary composition was considered. Concerned only with beauty of sound and judged poetry by the effect it produced on the ear.

Kalidas, Bhatti, Bharavi, magha all are admired this theory. Bhamah give to Alamkara except the svabhavokti or Vakrokti. Dandi underline and beautified all alankaras and that is Atisayokti means Hyperboles. Abhinavgupta commenting on this " Atisayokti is the common property of all poetic figure.

Dhavni School:-

Dhavani Theory given by Ananbdvardhan presented in 'Dhanyaloka'. Dhavani means,

"The suggestive quality of poetic language"

Anadvardhana established element dhavni as the soul of poetry. Dhavni, it is very necessary that we have language and language bplays with us through words. Bhavas are more important to feel poetry, enjoy poetry than any other things. In fhanyaloka anadvardhana has presented a structural analysis of indirect literary meaning. The theory of Dhavani was very much in vogue in a femous circle of culture critics. Valuable treasure from generation to generation. Anadvardhana thought that he was rendering a salutory service. Dhavni is a type of poetry where in words and sense lose their primary signification in order to suggest other things.

The fhanyaloka divided vyanga sense into three varieties: Rasadi, Alanka Dhvani, vastu dhvani. Dhvani is essense of poetry. The rase of which so much has been spoken is also communicated by the dhvani. The holders of the doctrine of dhvani remained unconvinced and in the basis of their theory. They declared that the soul of poetry was not style or sentiment but tone. Dhvani by which they meant that an implied sence was the essence of poetry.

4. This school of Vakrokti:-

Vakrokti theory given by Kuntaka in his work " Vakroktijivita". Vakrokti is the theory of language and the formation of words, it is the formation of two words: Vakra +Ukti =Vakrokti.

The expressional Strikingness has been regarded in India Poetics as the based principal of all poetic language. The Indian theory of Vakrokti shows a remarkable divergence of views spelt out school Bhamah, Dhndin, Vamana, Kuntaka also. Kuntaka defined it as the 'Vital essense of poetry'. He attached so much importance to poetic expression that he devloped a whole treatise to this subject and tried to subsume under Vakrokti.

His Vakrokti is synonymous with poetry itself. He would call a beautiful expression without beautiful idea. Vakrokti Kuntaka means a certain striking or charming vicitra mode of expression. Vakrokti has been used in Sanskrit literature from can be found Subhandhu, Amaru, Bana. Bana used that sense of a "bantering humorous speech" "witty remark". 

Dhandi belived that poetry is embellished words communicating the desire meaning but Kuntaka desnot with Dhandi and make then into poetry is the presence of Strikingness originating from Vakrokti. Kuntaka also remarks tha it is atisaya that is involved in Vakrokti vicitraya. Abhinavgupta remarked as Vakrokti are no less significant. Bhoja Vakrokti is put down as a general name for all figures beginning with simile. TS. Eliot for example writers: "the element of surprise is essential for poetry". The basic idea regarding strikingness of poetry expression keeps on appearing in Sanskrit Poetics in to form of Bharar's Loksana to Kuntaka's Vakrokti.

5 School of Riti:-

Acharya Vaman had given importance to Riti in his work 'Kavyalankarshashtra'. Vaman declared "The riti to be the soul of poetry". He makes his statment more clear by saying that the word and it sense constitute the body of which the soul is the riti.  Dandi who named 'Marga' and Mammata, Visvanatha, karntaka, bhoja all are discussed riti. Anadvardhana appreciative. He say that he not explaine dhvani which brought about for the reason delited it and propounded riti in stend. Arrangment of words does not give any clear idea of riti because no end to which words could be sence. Three type of riti:- vaidarbhi, Gaudi, and panchali.

Visvanatha comments "By Vamana it is saide that riti is the soul of poetry. But it is not so. Riti is merely a special form of verbal collection, and verbal collocation bears the nature of arrengement of subordinate elements. The real souls is quite different from such an activity.

6 School of Auchitya:-

Kshrmendea's discussions of the principle of Auchitya is from the point of view of writer and reader. It is articulated in its given culture and philosophical context. Ksemendra considered it is the secret of poetic appeal. Auchitya is stated to be the jivita, life breath of poetry. The principle of propriety are area, sentence, meaning, figure of speech, Rasa, verb ect.. he explains the appropriateness and inappropriate of each of the above mentioned aspect are. He declares essentiality of Auchitya on poetry. 

Indian crictis " Auchitya not only to be the internal part of the Kavya but Jivita of Kavya". The critics who deal with aucitya area like Aristotle, longinus, Horace and pope. Horace latin book 'Art Poetica' he says that aucitya is to be given proper attention. All school are obey to Auchitya rule of criticism. Auchitya should be considered as the excellent of every poetic element.

Conclusion:-

Here we known that the six mejor school in indian poetics like Rasa, Bharatmuni also appreciate to rase in important to all poetics and Dhvani also give to importance of the voice and Alamkara also give to importance of the works or sense because it very important ornaments of the poetry and another side Vakrokti believes in the striking mode of expression in important of the poetry. Riti say that  the soul of poetry and aucitya is also believed that appropriateness in more important to poetry. All school give to very defence concept of the Indian Poetics and all poetics are more important of the Indian theories.

 Words:- 1,861

References:-

Indian Literary Criticism, Theory and Criticism ed. By G.N. Devy

Studies in Indian Aesthetics and criticism, K. Krishna moorthy 

Assignment 106:- The Jazz Age and The Great Gatsby novel by F. Scott, Fitzgerald.

Name:- Hinaba D. Sarvaiya.

M.A.- SEM:-2

Paper no:- 106 The Twentieth century Literature: 1900to World War II 

Roll no:- 09

Enrollment no:- 4069206420210032

Email ID:- hinabasarvaiya1711@gmail.com

Submitted by:- S.B. Gardi Department of English MKBU.

Q:- The Jazz Age and The Great Gatsby novel by F.Scott, Fitzgerald:-

"Genius is the ability to put into 

Effect what is on your mind"

               -F.Scott, Fitzgerald.

Introduction:-

The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel by American writer F.Scott, Fitzgerald. Set in the Jazz Age on long Island, near New York City, the novel depicts first person narrator Nick Carraway's interactions with mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and Gatsby's obsession to reunite with his former love, Daisy Bachanan.

About author:-

F Scott Fitzgerald novelist, essayist, shortstory writer and screenwriter. He was best known for his novels depicting the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Age a term, he popularized during his lifetime. He published four novels, four story collections, and 164 Short stories.

His notable works:-

-The Side Of Paradise 1920

-The Beautiful and Damned 1922

-The Great Gatsby 1925

-Tebder Is The Night 1934

Symbols of this Novel:-

The Green Light:-

Situated at the end of Daisy’s East Egg dock and barely visible from Gatsby’s West Egg lawn, the green light represents Gatsby’s hopes and dreams for the future. Gatsby associates it with Daisy, he reaches toward it in the darkness as a guiding light to lead him to his goal. Because Gatsby’s quest for Daisy is broadly associated with the American dream, the green light also symbolizes that more generalized ideal. In Chapter 9, Nick compares the green light to how America, rising out of the ocean, must have looked to early settlers of the new nation.

The Valley of Asheh:-

The valley of ashes between West Egg and New York City consists of a long stretch of desolate land created by the dumping of industrial ashes. It represents the moral and social decay that results from the uninhibited pursuit of wealth, as the rich indulge themselves with regard for nothing but their own pleasure. The valley of ashes also symbolizes the plight of the poor, like George Wilson, who live among the dirty ashes and lose their vitality as a result.

The Eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg:-

The eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg are a pair of fading, bespectacled eyes painted on an old advertising billboard over the valley of ashes. They may represent God staring down upon and judging American society as a moral wasteland, though the novel never makes this point explicitly. Instead, throughout the novel, Fitzgerald suggests that symbols only have meaning because characters instill them with meaning. The connection between the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg and God exists only in George Wilson’s grief-stricken mind. This lack of concrete significance contributes to the unsettling nature of the image. Thus, the eyes also come to represent the essential meaninglessness of the world and the arbitrariness of the mental process by which people invest objects with meaning. Nick explores these ideas in Chapter 8, when he imagines Gatsby’s final thoughts as a depressed consideration of the emptiness of symbols and dreams.

Let's discuss about The Jazz Age and The Great Gatsby novel.

'Jazz Age' has come to signify, as a kind of evocative shorthand, the 1920s in both academy c and pop culture.

"It was an age of miracles, it was an age of art, it was an age of excess, and it was an age of satire"

Fitzgerald famously wrote of the 1920s in 1931 essay,

"Echoes of The Jazz Age"

In Fitzgerald's most popular novel, The Great Gatsby, Jazz appears as constant background music. In the contemporary phenomenon of 'Gatsby Parties' fesitivities intended to capture the Air of the titular Jay Gatsby's famously lavish, bachanalian parties- jazz is de rigueur to evoke the 1920s.

For all of its ubiquity in American culture int he twentieth century. Jazz was also deeply divisive from it very beginnings. If jazz was the most visible exampl of a new musical form in early twentieth century America.

David Savron Wrote in 2006,

"Jazz was everything. A weltanschuuny a personal indentity, a metaphysics, an epistemology, an ethics, an eros, a mode of sociality, an entire way of being"

Fitzgerald's Relationship with Jazz and Race:-

Fitzgerald's embrace of Jazz, then was both an acceptance of popular music and a  rejection of those racist critiques. Although the word 'Jazz' only appears a few times in the Great Gatsby, the music itself is ever present, whenbmusic is playing in the background, Fitzgerald frequently refers to saxophones and horms, iconic instruments of the genre. Because of how organically jazz is in Fitzgerald's novel, virtually all latet depiatitions of the book feature roaring Jazz orchestras as aways of capturing the book's atmosphere, from film adaptations to the by new common phenomenon of the Gatsby party.

So indebted is Gatsby to Jazz and its origins that the critics Catherine kunce Kunce and Paul M. Levitt have strikingly argued that even,

"The structure of the novel itself can be convincingly read as a kind of extended vaudevillian performance"

At the same time, however, Fitzgerald tonded to outline black characters in language straight out of minstrel iconography. In the great Gatsby and elsewhere, blacke men are often described as 'bucks' a term linking black males to animals white men might hunt. As Gatsby drive Nick Carraway into Newyork, the narrator describes passing "three modish negroes, two bucks and a girl. I laughed aloud as the yolks of their eyeballs rolled toward us in haughty rivalry". The men are 'bucks' the rolling eyeballs suggest a caricature from a minstrel poster, and the whole group is meant to inspire laughter. That this is one of the few times black characters explicitly appear in the novel is suggestive.

When Gatsby's narrator describes Tom Buchanan's infamous white supremacist rants as impassioned gibberish. He is perhaps eching Fitzgerald own views. The ideology of 'Nordicism' appears in Gatsby only as further proof of Buchanan's irredeemable unpleasantness, as Buchanan the book's most overtly racist character is clearly menat to be unlikeable.

Emapathy is partly what Jazz set out to create,unsetting traditions and traditionalists at first, then luring them in with its almost surreal, fey beauty, jazz attempted to dissolve social lines between race, class, and political affiliation, as in James Baldwin's famous short story "sonny's Blues" in which the new music ultimately brings two long wasrrimg brothers together by the sheer emotiveness of the melodies that the titular Sonny plays for his siblings. Jazz was to a degree, an equalizing force both in Fitzgerald's oeuvre and the wider world.

The Great Gatsby, then, was a clear product of its time, embracing the new music but also falling prey to the caricatures that had became associated with it, still, it used jazz as the gentle but powerful backdrop to a story fo failed love tha endures today, and in this way, along with his usage of the term "Jazz age" Fitzgerald helped cement the idea that jazz defined the 1920s for all his flaws, Fitzgerald, too,was a dancer on that grand stage of an era, saxophones, pianos and everything else blaring around him.

The Jazz Age and The Great Gatsby:-

After the first World War America was full of triumph and confidence. The young generation was free from the shackles of puritanism, breathing a sigh of relief from the tradinal norms that had tried down the society till now. The young generation breaking free from the conventional restraints had declared its new motto of eating, drinking and being merry. They did not want to think about their future. They wanted to make the optimum use of their present day.

Fitzgerald's expaination about the term Jazz was first sex, then dancing, then music. The women of the Jazz Age was busy chasing her material dreams without realising that she had lost all her chastity in the quest. The women of the Jazz age were best depicted in the characters of Daisy Bachanan, Myrtle Wilson, Jordan Baker. The woman of this age was characterized by greed, materialism, lust and selfishness.

Daisy secretly understood the infidelity of her hasband Tom so she engaged herself in her social life to get away from the problems in her domestic life. Gatsby is at tha same time, madly in love with Daisy overlooking her flaws as a women. Jordon Baker a women, atheletic in frame. She was a golf player, meet Nick Carraway. She realize that he was not financially stable enought to meet her monetary requirements. She left Nick for another man just to fulfil her materialistic urges. Another prominent female character Myrtle Wilson, she lives amongest the deprived sections of the society in the Valley of Ahes. She friends Tom in order to fulfil her financial requirements.

Conclusion:-

The Jazz age was symbolic of wealth which was deeply associated with the American dream. It was this money which cast a corrupting influence on man. The man here being Jay Gatsby who had to a mass money in order to gain love. This poor man James gatz was unable to marry the girl of his dreams due to his economic position and status.

It was majorly this overwhelming influence of the jazz age culture, which leads to the unfulfilled wishes and tragic lives of Myrtle, Gatsby and all other s who were influenced by the optimism of this age.

Words:- 1,531

Work citations:-

“F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Jazz Age and The Great Gatsby | Mirza Www.ajms.co.in/Sites/Ajms/Index.php/Ajms/Article/ViewFile/381/327.” F.Scott Fitzgerald: The Jazz Age and The Great Gatsby, May 2014.

Gabrielle Bellot. “Https://Daily.jstor.org/What-the-Great-Gatsby-Reveals-about-the-Jazz-Age/.” What The Great Gatsby Reveals About The Jazz Age, 8 May 2019.

Assignment 108: Trenscendentalism

 Name:- Hinaba D.Sarvaiya.

M.A.- Sem-2 

Paper no:- 108 The American Literature

Roll number:- 09

Enrollment no:- 4069206420210032

Email ID:- hinabasarvaiya1711@gmail.com

Submitted by:- S.B.Gardi Department of English, MKBU.

Q- Explain the term "Transcendentalism" and write about the details of Transcendentalism.

Introduction:-

Transcendentalism was a 19th century American philosophical and religious movement that emerged out of Romanticism and was characterized by criticism of the perceived corruption of modernizing American society. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are the best-known literary figures of transcendentalism. Eventually, transcendentalism proved to be a major influence on American life and letters. 

Transcendentalists believed in the supremacy and purity of the individual. Organized religion and politics, they argued were corrupting influences. Transcendentalists tended to prefer inner spiritual experiences, and borrowed heavily from the Bhagavad Gita, a book Thoreau referenced in Walden.

Transcendentalism also had a large idealist streak. Many wanted to create Utopian communities, and many sough out perfection in nature. Other notable transcendentalists were John Muir, Louisa May Alcott and Emily Dickinson.

Term of Transcendentalism:-

TRANSCENDENTALISM is a very formal word that describes a very simple idea. People, men and women equally, have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel.

This knowledge comes through intuition and imagination not through logic or the senses. People can trust themselves to be their own authority on what is right. A TRANSCENDENTALIST is a person who accepts these ideas not as religious beliefs but as a way of understanding life relationships.

Brief Overview of the Movement:-

Transcendentalism is a philosophical and social movement that began around 1836, in New England. However, before we delve into defining and comprehending this movement, it's necessary for one to understand why it was developed. It was created as a rebellious reaction to the previous Age of Reason, and its rationalist way of thinking. The original members of the movement also believed society and its organized institutions (for example, religion and politics) were corrupting the purity of individuals. The movement was created based on ideas from a variety of sources, including Hindu texts, various other religious ideas, and German idealism.

Transcendentalism, as a whole, centered on the writings and teachings of American author Ralph Waldo Emerson; it especially focused on his piece entitled, Self-Reliance. Transcendentalists were some of the first known non-conformists in America, and thus they critiqued contemporary society for its unthinking conformity. Through his writing, Emerson urged everyone to find his own 'original relation to the universe.' Now that we have a better idea why this movement was created, let's move on and focus on its core, essential values. 

Transcendentalist Values:-

Transcendentalists believed in numerous values, however they can all be condensed into three basic, essential values: individualism, idealism, and the divinity of nature.

Individualism:-

As we discussed briefly earlier, transcendentalist followers alleged that organized institutions in society, like religion and politics, negatively tainted individuals' innocence. At the same time, they believed that individuals are at their best when they are entirely independent and 'self-reliant,' hence Emerson's essay of the same name. The notion of thinking for oneself without following the rules set forth by a society is one of the fundamental tenets of transcendentalism. This concept inspires one to have his own free thoughts, based on his own values, rather than the values of others.

As you can probably imagine, during the early 19th Century when this movement was first created, its members were not well-received, or even liked, by many others. However, rather than feeling defeated, true transcendentalists remained true to their movement's new values and continued to advocate for their unpopular, nonconformist ideas. Because of this, many members of society, or the conformists, feared transcendentalists and assumed them to be out to wreak havoc on society. These people were mistaken though, because the true purpose of becoming an individual, according to transcendentalist belief, is to promote the peace and harmony of becoming oneself. One of Emerson's famous aphorisms helps clarify this belief: 'conformity is the death of individualism.'

Idealism:-

The second key value of the transcendentalist movement is that of idealism. This value is a little more self-explanatory. Between the Age of Reason and Transcendentalism was the Romanticism movement; similarly to the British Romantics, this movement focused on the use of creativity and imagination, something the Age of Reason obviously greatly strayed from. The focus of idealism in the transcendentalist way of thinking sought to continue to utilize the innovative, imaginative ideas from the previous Romantic Movement. The members of the transcendentalist movement hoped to break away from the strict confines of the Age of Reason, and bring society into a more ideal, enjoyable environment.

Divinity of Nature:-

The final essential transcendental value is the belief in the divinity of nature. Transcendentalists did not believe in organized religion, but they were very spiritual people. Remember how we said some of their original doctrines were based on the works of spiritual advisors and Hindu teachings? They believed that nature is sacred, and that it is imperative for individuals to connect with nature.

Transcendentalists were lovers of nature, and did not think it was something that could be controlled by anyone. Instead, they believed that the only thing people can control is what is in their own minds (remember their focus on individualism?). According to transcendentalists, if one senses a strong connection to nature, then he will be able to understand his oversoul and, in effect, be able to live a successful, complete life, free from any constraints placed upon him by conforming to society. The term oversoul is a transcendentalist term, which explains that everything is connected and thus happens for a reason; therefore, transcendentalists also believe that, since nature is divine, we must not interfere with it and leave it be as God intended.

What are the basic elements of transcendentalism?

Five predominant elements of Transcendentalism are nonconformity, self-reliance, free thought, confidence, and the importance of nature. These concepts are liberally sprinkled throughout Emerson's essay "Nature."

What are the major themes of transcendentalism?

Self-Wisdom. Quite simply, Transcendentalism is based on the belief that human beings have self-wisdom and may gain this knowledge or wisdom by tuning in to the ebb and flow of nature. ...

Nature and Its Meaning. ...

Social Reform.

What are the two main beliefs of transcendentalism?

To simplify: this means that transcendentalism suggests how people can come up with their own ideas and solutions to the problems they face, without ever reaching into the pool of ideas found in the past. There are only two key beliefs in the core of transcendentalist philosophy.

Emerson's Transcendentalism:-

Emerson the reader of new England Transcendentalism? Here we comes however professor Girard with a new defination of the movement which leaves Emerson practically out of it. 

Professor Girard's arguments against Emerson are the following. Emerson is not a true Transcendentalist because he had no system and was more a poet than a philosopher, because his rationalism 

"Did not allow reason to take any interest in matters pertaining to the heart, not conscience in what concerned society"

Because of his platonic cast of mind, his egotism and indifference to practical reforms and reformers. Moreover, befor Emerson published Nature(1836), Transcendentalism has found in Channing its most original and definite expression which was "essentially religious" Brownson and Ripley, with Channing are 'the soul' of Transcendentalism and not Emerson.

Professor Girard's remarks that we read of Emerson 'He certainly was a transcedentalists. Since he makes of intaintion a source of konwledge' while we find "Emerson was not properly speaking a transcedentalist".

Professor Girard's views of Transcendentalism undera double aspect, the first 'essentially religious' and second is 'Philosophical'. And letus see how Emerson stands, in both cases, as a true Transcendentalist.

If between 1825 and 1835, Transcendentalism in New England had but a religious aspect it had no other for Emerson himself. Emerson refers all religions to the test of individual experience. The foundation of religious belief are in the inner sence which no criticism, historical not critical, can affect. 'The in most soul is God'. That is summary of Emerson's religious doctrine and result of his religious evolution. We find in his favorite theory of Self-reliance as expressed in an autobiographical poem of 1832, at a time when Emerson tried to find his way between the teching of Unitarianism and the appeal of 'the still small voice' with in himself; 

"Who says the heart's a blind guide? It is not"

Self-reliance is for Emerson a declartion of spiritual independence a plea for religious antonomy.

Conclusion:-

Transcendentalism was a 19th century American philosophical and religious movement. Transcedentalists believed in the supermacy and purity of they argued were corrupting influences. Here we find that that Transcendentalism is new term of America and also believed that importance of oneself and create your own way, find a new way of life in own footprint. We are freely or independence for thinking of us and Transcendentalism always pushed on individualism. Here we see the Emerson is as a  Transcendentalist and his philosophy of the Self-reliance.

  

Words:- 1,518.

Work citations:-

Michaud, Régis. “Emerson’s Transcendentalism.” The American Journal of Psychology, vol. 30, no. 1, 1919, pp. 73–82, https://doi.org/10.2307/1413661. Accessed 7 May 2022.

"The American Transcendentalists: Values & Explanation." Study.com, 3 January 2016, study.com/academy/lesson/the-american-transcendentalists-values-lesson-quiz.html