Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy.

 What sort of critique of Society, religion and education system is presented by Hardy in Jude The Obscure novel?

Introduction:-

Thomas Hardy (1840-1928) is a literary gaint in the Victorian age. Virginia Woolf remarked that:

"The death of Thomas Hardy leaves English fiction without a leader"

Among all his Literature works, Jude The Obscure is the most controversial one. It complains the unreasonable education system, the subhuman institution of marriage, the hypocrisy of religion as well as the entire capitalist system in the late Victorian time and naturally got the most attention of the critical world in the nineteenth century of Britain.

Hardy Critique of society, religion and education system:-

Much of the novel serves as a vessel for Hardy’s criticism of English Victorian society. Most of this critique is aimed at the institution of marriage, but Hardy also targets education, class divides, and hypocrisy. The early part of the novel involves Jude’s quest to be accepted into a college at Christminster, a university town based on Oxford. Jude works for years teaching himself classical languages, but he is never accepted simply because of his social class and poverty. In Jude’s unjustified failures Hardy demonstrates the unfairness and classism of the educational system.

Relating to the marriage theme, Hardy also emphasizes the oppressiveness of Victorian society in dealing with any unorthodox domestic situation. Jude and Sue cannot find a room or a steady job as long as their marital status is anything but traditional, and Phillotson loses his teaching jobs because he allowed Sue to leave him. Hardy was far ahead of his time in many of his views – implying that universities should accept members of the working class, couples could live together without being married, and even that the father of a woman’s child should be the woman’s business alone – but Hardy’s society was not ready for such criticism. The backlash against Jude the Obscure was so harsh that Hardy gave up writing altogether.

Conclusion:-

Jude The Obscure is one of Hardy's masterpieces. At the time of the novel's composition, Thomas Hardy was living between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of the 19th century. He expression of religious rebellion and the advanced female image, it can be concluded that Thomas Hardy is not a pessimist and voluntarist at all and the novel conveys readers the kindness tendency, the courage to face the harsh reality and a sense of rationality.

Assignment "A Tale of A Tub" Johnathan Swift

Name- Hinaba D Sarvaiya.

Roll no- 09

Paper no- 102 Literature of the Neoclassical period

Email id- hinabasarvaiya1711@gmail.com

Enrollment no- 4069206420210032

Submitted to- Department of English MKBU.

Jonathan Swift as a Satirist. Discuss "A Tale of a Tub" as a satire in the light of this remark.

Introduction of author:-

Jonathan Swift was an Anglo- Irish Satirist, essayist, political Pamphleteer, poet and Anglican cleric who became Dean of st Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, hence his common sobriquet, "Dean Swift".

Jonathan Swift as a Satirist:-

 

Swift was a great scholarly genius. But his talent was not recognised by English Society. His soaring political Amibition suffered immensely with people with lesser talent enjoying significant position by virtue of their proximity with the royalty. Through his successive works Swift has highlighted the corruption prevailing in various sectors and brought the government to the dock for step-motherly treatment for his political opponents. 

His first book Gulliver's Travels is a political satire in which he has laughed at the social structure through the successive voyages of Gulliver which gives credence to those having lesser talent and requires a completed overhauling. During his voyage to Lilliput or the country of the dwarfs he misconceived himself to be most powerful person on earth but on the next voyage and Gulliver realized his mistake. Swift is known for his harsh comments. It is suggested that Swift worked with the stroke of the hammer in order to make his voice heard.

In his another satirical work A Tale of a Tub Swift has made a sharp comment on the growing infighting among various religious sects making tall claims about their significant contribution for the development of society in oder to these religious sects who are exhausting their energy in ensuring their superiority over other sect finding faults in one another and showing least concern over their welfare programme.

Let's discuss about A Tale of a Tub as satire:-

A Tale of a Tub was published in 1704 and was a satire for religion. It was a narrative of the brother Peter, Martine, and Jack, who represented tha major branches of Christianity. Swift was using the religion satire to expose the aspect of corruption in churche and schools. Peter represented the catholic denomination, Martin the protestants, and Jake the Puritans. The brothers had inherited coats by their father. Here father Symbolise  God and and  and Coat symbolises the different religions.and they were guided by the will which was the bible. What was required was to alter the coats. Peter was relied on as the arbitrator of the will, but due to his authoritative ruling, jack rebelled. Jake then read the will and reaped the court to restore its original stale as ornaments had been added on it. He then relied on inner illumination as he walked around with his eyes closed. Later on, Peter and Jack behaved tha same way, and Martin was the only left with a coat that was in its original state.

 The  tale was meant to defend the Anglican Church, but it was explained as an attach of all religions. Give that he was a clergyman at the Anglican Church during the time, the satire acted as an obstacle at the same period. It was an allegory concerning religious differences, it represents a satire on false scholarship, it acted as a parody for the existing book trade, and it contained an attachment of two treaties, "Battle of the books" and "The Mechanical Operation of the Spirit". The interpretation that the satire was attacking all religions forced Swift to apologise since he was only trying to defend the Anglican.

The aspect of allegory is evident in the abuse of the coat, which showed the desire and corruption activities in the religion. The abuse and misunderstanding of the will indicate the way people tend to give wrong interpretation of the scriptures of the bible. Satire expressed the undermining of the scholarship of Bentley, and the author does not express the originality of classical civilization. Swift is not clear on the main points that he wanted to satirize. It, therefore,made matters complicated as the true meaning of the whole concept is not listed.

Explain the Symbols of A Tale of a Tub.

1). The Father's Will:-

The Father's Will represents the Bible, which Swift regards as Christianity 's fundamental instruction manual. In three brothers examplify this kind of Christianity. All three brothers start of faithfully following the will, but they are gradually corrupted by outside influences. Three brother started think what happen now and how to became a rich through will. There, the brothers realise that they will have to get creative if they want to give the appearance of following their father's wished while actually ignoring them. Finally, the Peter declare that their father's will allows them shoulder knots. Peter delves into the fits of delusion. He is a elder brother. He worked on several projects such as building a continent and inventing a new type of pickle.finally this way he become a rich. Another side two brother Martine and Jack removed from the actual will. Both are try to intervene, but he does not listen to them. The consequence of following thiss interpretive tradition is that both the Peter and the congregant Martin and Jack grow further and further removed from the actual will.

Peter (the catholic Church) is not cast in a good light in a tale of a Tub. That's not to say, however, that Swift viewed all reforms as equally salutary. Martin (moderate Protestantism) and Jack (Dissent) successfully obtain their copy of the will, which gives them the all important ability to read it for themselves and judge how well they are following. Swift implies, to the Bible is a good think, but a person can still go overboard in relying on scripture.

2). The Three Coats:-

The three brother Peter, Martin, and Jack represented the three branches. A tale of a Tub , this story about a three brothers. His father given three coats to each brothers. Here, the three coats are the central symbol of a Tale of tub.

The story begun that the father given the three coats his three brothers. Peter is elder brother and Martin and Jack is a another brother. His father gives the coats and promises that sons they coats are not sole, they will last for a lifetime if cared for his property. He earns them against altering the coats in anyway. These coats represent the practices of Christianity as originally revealed and commanded by God and as stipulated in the Bible. Peter want shoulder knot to his coat, and do a good job of stocking to the rules laid down by the will. In another side two brother try to some change on will but we does not listen to any message through this coats. Peter became a wealthy person because he understand the hidden message what his father say through this coat and other brother Martin and Jack live a poverty. Here Swift, satire through characters. He compares madness with greatness.

Finally jack has fallen completely into delusion and he finds evidence about more acts to take in his life but the will was solely about coats but he not like to music and colours. It time Peter and Jack often teams up and against the Martin, when Peter fall into the trouble jack abandons him. The reverse baldo happen, here the visa versa situation happen and three are some alone.

3) The Tub:-

The tub represent the diversion that sailors would throw out so that whales would not overturn their ship.here, Swift suggest that the whale is representing of Hobbes leviathan, which tosses and plays with all other schemes of religion and government. In those case, the steady ship of government and those in power are throwing out a diversion, but the whale keeps coming. Although A Tale of Tub within the text would seem to be a diversion, it is designed as a commentary on the state of religion and government in England.

4). Three brother are representing three branching of Christianity:-

 

A Tale of a Tub comprises the tale itself, an allegory is f the reformation in the story of brothers Peter, Martin and Jake as they attempt to make their way in the world. Echa brother represents one of the primary branches of Christianity in the west.

# Peter stands in for the Roman catholic church.

# Jack represents the various dissenting protestant churches such as Baptists, Anabaptists ect. 

# the third is Martine represent the via media of the church of England.

Conclusion:-

 The story the coats here is religious practice given by their father, represented God, and they have his will representing the bible to guide them. The will says that the brother are some changes to their coats they do nearly nothing but alter their coats from the start.

   

Assignment Aphra Behn's The Rover

Name- Hinaba D Sarvaiya.

Roll no- 09

Paper no- 101 Literature of the Elizabethan and Restoration

Email id- hinabasarvaiya1711@gmail.com

Enrollment no- 4069206420210032

Submitted to- Department of English MKBU.

Write a note on the chief characteristics of Restoration Comedy. Exemplify 'The Rover' as the Restoration Comedy.

Introduction:-

The Rover or The Banished Cavaliers is a play in two parts that is written by the English author Aphra Behn. It is a revision of Thomas Killigrew's play Thomaso, or The Wanderer in 1664, and features multiple plot lines, dealing with the amorous adventures of a group of Englishmen and women in Naples at Carnival time.

Let's discuss about the author:-

Aphra Behn's:-

Aphra Benh was an English playwright, poet, translator and fiction writer from the Restoration period. As one of the first English women to Eran her living by her writing, she broke cultural barriers and served as a literary role model for later generations of women author. Rising from obscurity, she came to the notic of Charles II, who employed her as a spy in Antwerp. Upon her return to London and probable brief stay in debtor's prison, she began writing for the stage. She wrote under the pastoral pseudonym Astrea. She writes very famous works.

 Notable works:-

1). The Rover(1677-81)

2).Oroonoko(1688)

3).Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister(1684-87)

4).The Fair Jilt(1688) ect..

Characteristics of The Restoration Comedy:-

-This type of dramas ridicule the manners and behaviours of the upper class or the Aristocratic Society.

-Comedy of manners is a style of dramatic comedy that reflects the life, ideals and manners of the upper class society.

-It depicts the relationships and intrigues of men and women belonging to polished section of society.

- Display of witty, blunt sexual dialogue, rakish behaviour.

-Characters are driven by Lust, greed and revenge, and their goals are limited: courtship, gulling, Cuckoldry.

-Dramatists who practised this form of comedy are William Congreve, George Etherege, William Wycherley and Aphra Behn.

Let's discuss about the The Rover as the Restoration Comedy:-

In The Rover two characters Florinda and Hellena we have the stock figures of the Aristocratic virgin and the witty heroine, respectively. Florinda is afraid to outright rebel against her brother and has to resort to entering the carnival to achieve her desires. She is aware of the value of her virginity and protects it to the very end to present to her beloved in marriage.

Hellena's wit is a significant tool for setting up the battle of the wits. With her intellect, she becomes the sole match for Willmore, who despite his Casanova nature is drawn repeatedly to her.

The Rover women, Hellena fares best because, although she is Lustful, her power is based not in her sexuality but in her wit for adventure. Florinda and Hellena both lady and many other characters in the play Legitimacy from the institution of marriage. 

Women are almost always at the receiving end in Behn's play, especially since Restoration Literature sought to be realistic. Women fight against restrictive norms mirrors her own sense of Agency. 

Angelica act of gifting her sexuality as well as money to "disappointed in love or fortune". The rich prostitution without chastity and modesty, thinks it is her privilege to seduce whomsoever she fancies.

Behn's radical awareness of the double standards of morality, by whichen and women are enjoyed to live. Angelica points out that men effectively prostitute themselves in the marriage market. When thay marry a woman for her money and not for love. She tries to claim equal status with the men by using her sex as her power.

Willmore, much like the model set by Charles II himself, imitated enthusiastic in many Restoration texts. His evil is more a blind spot than active malice. Willmore lives completely in the present tense. This frees him from the dominant motivations of greed and politics which Behn loathes in social relations. Wilmore roves outside the conventional Restoration fears of Cuckoldry and material poverty.

The two Rovers, Willmore, Hellena, share the same propensities, both are Frank about their temperaments. Hellena's attitude to female sexuality is as natural as that of willmore. She is natural urge to have a man who she likes. Willmore is undoubtedly the rakish hero, a Cavalier, but it is Hellena who seems to be the real rover in the play. Behn wants to crown her with success in her revolt against the father's decision to confine her to a life of nunnery.

Crisis in the Aristocracy, of which Pedro's character is a function is also turned on its head by his ultimate acceptance of Florinda and Belvile's marriage.

Blunt Initially seems to be purely a stock figures one often found in Restoration comedies. He is an English country gentlemen, rich but foolish. His attempts at projecting himself as wit evoke much laughter from the reader.

End of the play the prostitution returning to her trade, and the virgins being awarded with marriage a proverbial 'happy ending'. The carnival, Behn gives space to her characters to explore their true nature, albeit behind masks representation that focuses upon serious issues of freedom, identity and physicality, particularly with respect to women.

Symbols in the play:-

Carnival:-

 Italian cities such as Venice and Naples were famed for their Carnivals, huge, citywide festivals. Carnival Symbolises in world of inverted values and freedom in which noblewomen can roam the streets and impoverished Cavaliers can court them and win their hands. Hellena and Florinda also go to the carnival and hidden your identity. Willmore and Blunt take advantage of the free atmosphere and assault women. In depicting both the positive and dark side of Carnival. Behn is displaying both the comic and troubling aspects of the topsy-turvy, consequence free genre of Restoration Comedy.

Masks:-

Hellena, Florinda, and the Cavaliers all use masks and disguises in order to play and carry out their identity. Willmore and Hellena fall in love without even knowing each other's names. Belvile, meanwhile, repeatedly does not recognise Florinda even when she is right in front of him.  Mask symbolise the hidden identity and reality.

Angelica's Picture:-

Anglica is a rich prostitude. She always commands her servants to display picture of herself in front of her house, so all the citizen of Naples can admire her beauty. These picture represent not only her vanity, but also her sence of self.  Women Beauty are attached in men and he also fulfilled his desire. Here the centre of women beauty.

Sword:-

 Throughout The Rover, sword are associated with masculinity, virility, and power. Belvile is a true man in part because of his skill with a sword. Much of Blunt's humiliation comes from being robbed of his sword, and then being forced to wear a rusty one. Don Pedro draw their swords and much is made of the fact that Pedro Spanish blade is longer than their English swords. Willmore in particular, often uses swordplay as a metaphor for intercourse. Behn takes care to show the consequences of such a belligerent and dangerous atmosphere.

 Characters in The Rover:-

Colonel Belvile:-

Belvile is an English colonel who is madly in love with Florinda, a Spanish noblewoman that he met at a siege in Pamplona, where he protected her from danger. He is a generally calm and level-headed man prepared to do nearly anything to be with Florinda. He is sad at the beginning of the play because his prospects of marrying Florinda are grim; he is a poor foreigner competing with a wealthy friend of the family for Florinda’s hand in marriage. However, Belvile remains loyal to Florinda throughout the entirety of the play, and eventually marries her against the wishes of her brother, Pedro (however, Belvile eventually secures his blessing). Florinda is deeply in love with Belvile.

 Florinda:-

Florinda, sister of Hellena and Don Pedro, is a Spanish noblewoman who has been ordered by her father to marry Don Vincentio, a wealthy, old Spanish man. She is outspoken and stubborn, and refuses outright to marry Don Vincentio, whom she hates. Florinda also refuses to marry Don Antonio, the good friend of her brother, Pedro. She is madly in love with Colonel Belvile, an Englishman whom she met in Pamplona, and resolves to marry no one else but him. Florinda is a confident, independent, and stubborn woman. Though not as outspoken as her sister, Hellena, she is nevertheless a very determined woman.

Willmore:-

Willmore is “The Rover”; he is a man who spends most of his days at sea, moving from place to place without fixed route or destination. It is implied that Charles II is onboard the ship that Willmore captains, which indicates that Willmore is a royalist. Throughout the play he is an inconstant character, committing to one woman, and then moving on to the next moments later. His disloyal character is thus emphasized via his interaction with the women that he encounters throughout the course of the play. He is also a notably hotheaded and rash character, always quick to draw his sword.

Hellena:-

sister of Florinda and Pedro, is a Spanish noblewoman and prospective nun. She is an outspoken, confident, and curious young woman set on making her own decisions. She is very critical of religion and the path that has been chosen for her by her father and brother. Of all the characters, she is most cunning, clever, and boldly defiant. Hellena sets her sights on Willmore, and eventually convinces him to marry her.

Assignment Important of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde

Name- Hinaba D Sarvaiya.

Roll no- 09

Paper no- 104 Literature of the Victorians

Email id- hinabasarvaiya1711@gmail.com

Enrollment no- 4069206420210032

Submitted to- Department of English MKBU.

 "The Importance of being Earnest" by Oscar Wilde.

Introduction:-

Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest derives much of its comedic and thematic helf from the way in which it inverts the values of every day life. The play constantly pokcs fun at conventionally serious topics like love, death, and religion while simultaneously handling trivialities with the utmost seriousness.

Let's discuss about the author:-

Oscar Wilde was an incredibly influential Irish poet, writer, and playwright that changed the way people wrote and the structure of writing. He was one of the greatest writers of the 18th century and possibly one of the greatest writers and wordsmiths of all time. His works earned many awards and high acclaim, even years after his death, leaving a legacy that most people would do anything for. He used a newfound way of writing and presented himself in a enigmatic and eccentric way. His clever and often dramatic writing, as well as his image and personal scandals, completely shook up the world of literature and art and keeps us shaking to this day.

It wasn’t until the production of his four plays in the 1890s that Wilde achieved his greatest success. "They were Lady Windermere’s Fan," "A Woman of No Importance," "An Ideal Husband," and "The Importance of Being Earnest." All of the plays are well made comedies but out of them The Importance of Being Earnest is considered Oscar Wilde’s best and most characteristic drama. The play had more realistic characters and situations than the previous three plays he and written before. Wilde was involved in the middle of a scandal with Lord Alfred Douglas who was the son of the Marquis of Queensberry. He was arrested in April. The charges were committing homosexual acts. Wilde was sentence to serve two years hard labor. While Wilde was in prison his play The importance of Being Earnest was a huge success up until that point. Promoters removed Wilde’s name from advertisements and programs, but attendance to the play slowly dwindled. While in prison, Wilde continued to write. Of his writings he created a poem call The Ballad of Reading Gaol and the essay De Profundis. After his release he retired to France, where he lived the remainder of his life. He attempted to revive his literary career there as well but unfortunately was unsuccessful.

The Importance of Being Earnest :-

Importance of Being Earnest is quite an amusing play. Oscar Wilde is able to set the scene very well. The verbal wit in the play reflects on who Oscar Wilde was. The details that are put in the names, how and where people were brought up, and the way they dress print a beautiful picture in the mind. Wilde’s play seems to have you look at the actors and try to find the real people that you can relate to under the social norms. For the time when this was made, the play is brilliant and light-hearted. I can definitely see why Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest is one of the writer’s greatest achievements and reflect the pinnacle of his writing career.

Let's discuss about the hypocrisy of Victorian Society:-

The Victorian Period in English literature is roughly taken to

be between 1830 and 1900, approximately coinciding with

the long reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) in England. The

age is well-known for its sham seriousness, hypocritical mo-

rality and artificial sophistry. Living a double life was quite a

common practice of the period. Oscar Wilde hurls his shaft

against the hypocrisy and snobbery of the aristocratic society

of the late Victorian England.

The Importance of Being Earnest, Oscar Wilde’s most stage-

successful play, was first produced by George Alexander at

the St James’s Theatre on 14 February 1895. It is a portrait

gallery of the Victorian upper class life. It focuses on certain

binaries – moral / immoral, serious / trivial, town / country and

so on. Studying the hypocritical morality of the period, Sid-dhartha Biswas in his book Studies in The Importance of Be-

ing Earnest comments:

Victorian morality, as we all know, was a storehouse of con-

tradictions and inconsistencies. It was more dominated by ta-

boos erected by social constructs rather than by any system based on rationality. By the end of the nineteenth century the baggage of this morality was creating pressure on socio-literary fields and a break was quite in the offing.Wilde’s

play provides a mirror image of this society.

A comedy of manners is a descriptive term applied to a play whose comedy comes from social habits of a specified society. The play normally bases on the dominant members of the society. The social habits involve the manners and the morals practiced in the specified society. The play normally features the conduct and social status of the upper classes in a given society and how they interact with the lower classes. In most cases, the lower classes interact with the upper classes by taking roles as servants, trade people and other responsibilities as such. Therefore, I think this play can only act in a hierarchical society with a population of different classes and social status.

The Importance of Being Earnest A Trivial comedy for serious People:-

Though Wilde originally gave the play the subtitle A serious comedy for Trivial people, he decided to change it to A Trivial Comedy for serious People. The art of satire is to ridicule ideas, conditions, or social conventions with which the audience is familiar without alienating that audience, members they must attend to production. If wilde openly and publicly insulted them by reffering to them as "Trivial People" they would not attend and might even react more forcefully. Despite his efforts, however, people did indeed realise he was calling them trivial though his comedy, and in part. This caused the play to be banned.

Characters in the play:-

 

Joh(Jack/Ernest)Worthing:

The play’s protagonist. Jack Worthing is a seemingly responsible and respectable young man who leads a double life. In Hertfordshire, where he has a country estate, Jack is known as Jack. In London he is known as Ernest. As a baby, Jack was discovered in a handbag in the cloakroom of Victoria Station by an old man who adopted him and subsequently made Jack guardian to his granddaughter, Cecily Cardew. Jack is in love with his friend Algernon’s cousin, Gwendolen Fairfax. The initials after his name indicate that he is a Justice of the Peace.

Algernon Moncrieff:-

The play’s secondary hero. Algernon is a charming, idle, decorative bachelor, nephew of Lady Bracknell, cousin of Gwendolen Fairfax, and best friend of Jack Worthing, whom he has known for years as Ernest. Algernon is brilliant, witty, selfish, amoral, and given to making delightful paradoxical and epigrammatic pronouncements. He has invented a fictional friend, “Bunbury,” an invalid whose frequent sudden relapses allow Algernon to wriggle out of unpleasant or dull social obligations.

Gwendolen Fairfax:-

Algernon’s cousin and Lady Bracknell’s daughter. Gwendolen is in love with Jack, whom she knows as Ernest. A model and arbiter of high fashion and society, Gwendolen speaks with unassailable authority on matters of taste and morality. She is sophisticated, intellectual, cosmopolitan, and utterly pretentious. Gwendolen is fixated on the name Ernest and says she will not marry a man without that name.

Cecily Cardew:-

Jack’s ward, the granddaughter of the old gentlemen who found and adopted Jack when Jack was a baby. Cecily is probably the most realistically drawn character in the play. Like Gwendolen, she is obsessed with the name Ernest, but she is even more intrigued by the idea of wickedness. This idea, rather than the virtuous-sounding name, has prompted her to fall in love with Jack’s brother Ernest in her imagination and to invent an elaborate romance and courtship between them.

Lady Bracknell

Algernon’s snobbish, mercenary, and domineering aunt and Gwendolen’s mother. Lady Bracknell married well, and her primary goal in life is to see her daughter do the same. She has a list of “eligible young men” and a prepared interview she gives to potential suitors. Like her nephew, Lady Bracknell is given to making hilarious pronouncements, but where Algernon means to be witty, the humor in Lady Bracknell’s speeches is unintentional. Through the figure of Lady Bracknell, Wilde manages to satirize the hypocrisy and stupidity of the British aristocracy. Lady Bracknell values ignorance, which she sees as “a delicate exotic fruit.” When she gives a dinner party, she prefers her husband to eat downstairs with the servants. She is cunning, narrow-minded, authoritarian, and possibly the most quotable character in the play.

Assignment Victorian Age

 

Name- Hinaba D Sarvaiya.

Roll no- 09

Paper no- 105 Histrory of English Literature from 1350to 1900

Email id- hinabasarvaiya1711@gmail.com

Enrollment no- 4069206420210032

Submitted to- Department of English MKBU.

The Victorian Age (1850-1900).

Introduction:-

The Victorian age began in 1837 with the success of Queen Victoria to the throne of the England and ended in 1901 in which she died. Wordsworth had written, in 1835,

"Like clould that rake the mountain summits, Or waves that own no curbing hand, How fast has brother followed brother, From sunshine to the sunless land!"

In there lines is reflected the sorrowful spirit of a literary man of the early nineteenth century who remembered the glory that had passed away from the earth. But the leanness of these first years is more apparent than real. 

Discuss Social, Political, Economical Condition of Victorian age:-

1)Political, situation of the age:-

We find political forces in this age in which four things stand clearly:

1. The long struggle of the Anglo Saxon for personal liberty is defined.

2. Democracy becomes the powerful.

3. The House of Common people became the ruling power in England.

4. The personal government and of the divine right of rules were disappeared.

2). Industrial Progress:-

In Victorian age we also find industrial Progress in the country. The industrial revolution of this age transformed agriculture of England into industrial economic. Mills and factories were established into the centre of the England. The whole England was covered with machines.

3). Social Unrest:-

In is not only the age of democrecy but also an age of popular education, growth of brotherhood and social unrest. The slaves had been freed. They beloved that slaves are not necessarily negroes but they should be, men, women and children in the mines and factories were victims of a more terrible. The people became the victim of unnatural competitive methods which were growing as a main purpose of Victorian age.

4). Economical Tendencies:-

Because of political and industrial growth, economy of England touch the sky, Mills and factories were established as a centre of the business, people earned as much money but they lost their rest.

Because of the industrial devlopment. People started Migrassion from village to city to earn money. This way the economical power of England increased more and more.

5). The Devlopment of Arts and Science:-

Victorian age is remarkable because of rapid progress in all the arts and science and in mechanical inventions. The growth of education influenced upon the life of a people and in literary art. We find the development of prose and poetry in Victorian age.

We also find the influence of science in literature. It was a period of intellectual format, scientific thinking, science and most probably the invention on science. Such growth affacted on arts, means there was a development of scientific work like Darwin's "Origin of species".

6). Education:-

There was a rapid increasement in educational field in Victorian age. The public reading was welcomed in this age. The press also came into a political and social part. There was a welcome of foreign novelists and poets and social reformers. Education became important for common people to read and understand the paper.

E. Albert about Victorian Age:

"It was an era of material affluence political consciousness, demoncratic reforms, Scientific advancement, social unrest, education expansion, empire building and religious uncertainty. these all showed as rew material of Victorian literature."

Discuss the Development or Growth of literature in Victorian age:-

Like every age had enlighten it's literature, the Victorian age is coloured with its own literature. We find the effects of social, political and education in the field of poetry, drama, novel, essays and other minor from of literature.

Let's discuss the Development of literary work in Victorian age.

Poetry:-

The Victorian age was essentially the age of prose and novel. Alfred lord Tennyson is considered as the most representative poet of the age. His poetry has been read to enjoy. He also the master of elegies. His remarkable works are as follow:

- The Princess: long poem.

-In Memorian: A collection of elegies.

- Ulysses.

Robert Browning is another greatest poet of the period. He was the father of dramatic monologue. 'Men and Women' is his master piece work.

Pre-Raphaelite Poets:-

In 1810 two German painters Cornelius and Overbeck founded a society in Rome coiled the German Pre-Raphaelite bretheren. Before Raphael painters found a sweetness, depth, sincerity of devetional felling and truth.

In Victorian age D.G. Rossetti, William Morris and A.C. Swinburne were the poet's who gave the effects of painting their poetry. This gave rise to a corollary literary society which came to be known as the 'Pre-Raphaelite' school of poetry. 

The main characteristics of Pre-Raphaelite school of poetry are:

-art for art sake 

- Pictorial effect 

-Medieval Lore

-Musical senses ect..

Prose:-

Novel:-

Edward Albert says,

"By the middle of the nineteenth century the novel, as a species of literature, had thrust itself into the first rank."

This age was the essentially the age of novels. Such novelists are following.

Charles Dickens:-

Dickens was a major novelist among other novelist of the Victorian age. He described curruption and evils which were running in every corner of the Victorian society. He also depicted the suffering and pathetic conditions of the poor factory workers, the agent of children, no justice in court and hardship life of prison people.

As a boy a pathic situation as clerk in lawyer's office, as a reporter and actor as an actor.he saw many critical, difficult side of human life and social evils. These are things are described in his novel. His famous novels are:

'Pickwick Papers' 

'David Copperfield' 

'Oliver Twist' 

'Hard Time's and many more..

Thomas Hardy:-

Thomas Hardy is known as a pessimistic novels. He discussed or highlighted the despair and sorrowful life in his novels. He used Wessex, an imaginative place to described the whole American society though he is a pessimistic writer. His novels are showed him very realistic.

"Tess of the D' Ubervilles"

"Jude the Obscure"

"Far From the Madding Crowed"

Robert Louise Stevenson:-

In pleasing contrast with Hard is Robert Louise Stevenson, a brave, cheery, wholesome spirit, who has made us all braver and cheerier by what he has written. His notable works:

"Treasure Island"

"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"

"Kidnapped"

"David Balfour".

Essays:-

The method of essays were continued by Carlyle, Symonds pater etc. But it is popularized by Macaulay, Ruskin and Stevenson were also good essayist.

Macaulay is famous for his "The Uncommercial Pepers".

John Ruskin:-

Ruskin belived the English people need to change their attitude and temper for living happy life. So he has written to chage the society. According to Tolstoy:

"Ruskin as the greatest man of his age"

There rare three littel books which stand in the list of Ruskin numours works.

"Ethics of the Dust"

"Crown of wild" 

"Sesame and Lilies".

Drama :-

Several major poets of this age wrote tragedies. There is a development of dramatic monologue in this age. The Ulysses is the best example of dramatic monologue written by Alfred lord Tennyson. Robert Browning gave his best known volumes dramatic lyrics (1842) men and women and Dramatic Person. Will suggest how strong the dramatic element is in all his work.

Conclusion:-

This way social, political and economical traits have wonderfully influenced on Victoria society and Victorian literature. Victorian literature is neither fully romantic and imaginative nor fully idealist and classical. It is a day today literature of moral zeal. They have presented the real society of Victorian age.

Work citation:-

Long, William J. English Literature.Delhi: AITBS publishers, India,2019.

Assignment Wordsworth and his contribution

Name:- Hinaba D. Sarvaiya

Roll no:- 09 

Paper no:-103 Literature of the Romantics

Email id :- hinabasarvaiya1711@gmail.com

Enrollment no:- 4069206420210032

Submitted to:- English Department MKBU.

William Wordsworth and his Contribution.

Introduction of The Poet:-

William Wordsworth, English poet whose Lyrical Ballads in 1798, written with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the English Romantic movement. Is the one of the most well-respected and revered poets in British history; even in his own time, he was England's poet laureate in 1843. 

William had three brothers: Richard, John and Christopher . He also had a sister named Dorothy. His mother died in 1778, when William was only eight years old, then his father died in 1783, when he was thirteen. Wordsworth didn't have many memories of his mother. He once said "O lost too early for the frequent tear". However, he remembers her more than he remembers his father. At age seven was the last time he saw his mother before she died of a decline, which she got after catching a cold and it turned into pnemonia. His mother was more anxious about his future life than she was for the other children.

His poetry later on showed his thoughts and his action when he was a child. Wordsworth has said "l was on a stiff , moody, and violent temper". He was a child that liked to disobey. As a child, he was very violent towards nature. William and Dorothy became very close as they got older.

Most of the passages he wrote was during the time he spent in Cambridge where he describes his experience. The time he spent there he had no mother, his father was never really around, and his grandparents disapproved of them, so he tried to make the most of it while he was there.

Wordsworth view of nature:-

The French revolution made William Wordsworth use writing as a self defence of war and returning to the nature which he used as a premise element in writing. William Wordsworth was one of the prominent of romantic poetry, he expressed his feeling in the natural world rather than in reason because he always tried to build a better future for the world. William Wordsworth's writings about a series of cultural practice with photography, his writing were early instructor for art museum. In his writings he was used simple language to describe geographical places or special places as painterly landscapes in the 19th century. Wordsworth's description of nature was not the nature of Darwin, or Isaac Newton, neither nature of Stephen Hawking. William Wordsworth created in his mind, his desire for writing , upbringing in a middle class, and his education at Cambridge. In the 19th century Wordsworth created a new version of nature, "it was mostly male, white, upper-middle class, very literary, and very romantic". Wordsworth was from England, a pastoral person, he believed that there is a strong relationship between human and nature. He always tried to declare the power, the blessing of nature in our lives, and he had personal experience about nature in everywhere, he said behind each his poem has a valuable purpose. Moreover, Wordsworth regarded as a great poet of nature because most of his poem asserted of human being's dependence on nature. Examples of poems:

 

"The World is Too Much with Us" which was written in 1802 and published in 1807 in this poem Wordsworth frustrated of human's treatment of nature, and deny the natural elements of nature:

"This sea that bares her bosom to the moon; 

The winds that will be howling at all hours," 

"The Prelude", "Lines written in Early Spring"(1798) in this poem Wordsworth described that the nature is loyal to man:

"I heard a thousand blended notes, 

While in a grove I sate reclined, 

In that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts 

Bring sad thoughts to the mind"

"The Tables Turned" (1798) is a good example for William Wordsworth's believe about the power of nature:

"Up! Up! My friend, and quit your books;

Or surely you'll grow double:

Up! Up! My friend, and clear your looks;

Why all this toil and trouble?"

Are William Wordsworth's poems which he expressed his feeling of nature in different ways. Other poems like:

"Tintern Abbey":-

 

Is William Wordsworth most famous poems, published in 1798. It is a conversational poem that contains elements of an Ode and dramatic monologue. The poem is based on a small place situated in the village of Tintern in monmouthshire, on the Welsh bake of the river Wye. Wordsworth, through this poem, helps his readers understand his philosophies on nature and its beauty.

Ode: Intimations of Immoratality:-

Referred to as Wordsworth greatest ode, the poem explores the narrators divine relationship with nature. The poem compares the deep connection between a child and the nature, which is lost when the child grows and loses his divine vision. However, the narrator's recollections of the past allows him to relive his relationship with nature.

London 1802:-

"Oh! raise us up, return to us again;

And give us manners, virtue, freedom,power."

Composed in 1802 itself, the poem is medium that Wordsworth uses to reprimand his fellow English people for becoming selfish and morally stagnant. He eulogises 17th century poet John Milton and explains how Milton could improve the present situation of England if he was alive. Through "London 1802", Wordsworth shed light upon the deteriorating conditions of the English society while paying homage to Milton. 

William Wordsworth

Michael by William Wordsworth

Financial ruin, a lost son, and hostile living conditions– these are some of the striking features of this sorrowful ballad. You may find yourself asking, how can one man maintain his values amid so many struggles?

Wordsworth explores this question and more in ‘Michael.’ He also makes it clear that despite its visual beauty, life in the country isn’t always as ideal as it seems.

‘Michael’ written in 1800 at Grasmere and published in the second edition of Lyrical Ballads. The poem deals with man’s struggle in this hostile world to maintain his values and reputation, through the life of Michael, a lonely former. As Bernard Groom remarks about the poem, “Wordsworth’s picture of rural life in Michael is less idyllic and nearer to historical truth than some readers may suppose.”(The Unity of Wordsworth Poetry)

Michael by William Wordsworth

Introduction of the poem:-

‘Michael’ is a simple pastoral poem that bears the closest resemblance to the bareness of solitude in the mountain as well as the difficult life lead by the people in the mountains.

Michael is a story of a man’s struggle to maintain himself and his values in a hostile universe. As Wordsworth himself stated, this tale of Michael heard when he was a boy, led him to feel for other men and to think ‘on man, the heart of man, and human life.’ The poem depicts the story of an old shepherd, his wife, and their son, Luke.

As the son grew up, he became his father’s ‘comfort and daily hope.’ When the boy is eighteen, Michael had to discharge the debts of a nephew for whom he has given surety. To compensate for this loss, he sends his son to a wealthy distant relative for employment. Before his departure, Michael instructs Luke of his obligations towards his forefathers. He needs to lay a cornerstone as a sacred promise to fulfill his duty. But, when the boy goes into the world, he is distraught, and the outer world tempts him. He leaves old Michael and his wife alone to take care of themselves.

Theme and Setting:-

Michael is a tragic poem that deals with the traumatic life of Michael, a shepherd with dignity. Wordsworth focuses on man’s struggle to maintain himself and his values in a hostile world that tries to pull him down. It delineates how an orderly life of a man breaks up into disconnectedness and chaos.

"Break, Break, Break" Poem by Tennyson.

 

"Break, Break, Break" is a poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson written during early 1835 and published in 1842. The poem is an elegy that describes Tennyson's feelings of loss after Arthur Henry Hallam died and his feelings of isolation while at Mablethorpe, Lincolnshire.

 "Break, break, break,

         On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!

And I would that my tongue could utter

         The thoughts that arise in me."

 The speaker addresses the waves of the sea, telling them to crash against the rocky shore again and again. Watching this happen, the speaker yearns for the ability to express troubling thoughts that won't go away.

 "O, well for the fisherman's boy,

         The shouts with his sister at play!

O, well for the sailor lad, 

         That he sings in his boat on the bay!"

 Looking out onto the water, the speaker watches a fisherman's son yelling out while playing with his sister, as well as a young sailor who sings while sailing through the cove

 "And the stately ships go on

To their haven under the hill;

But O for the touch of a vanish'd hand,

 And the sound of a voice that is still!"

 There are also impressive boats sailing through the bay, and the speaker envisions them passing into ideal, somewhat heavenly destinations. But watching these ships doesn't distract the speaker from the memory of touching the hand of an acquaintance who no longer exists, whose voice has gone silent forever.

 "Break, break, break

 At the foot of thy crags, O Sea!

But the tender grace of a day that is dead

Will never come back to me."

 Again, the speaker calls out to the waves as they smash against cliffs along the shoreline again and again, feeling that the easy happiness of previous days will never return.

Theme:-

Death:-

The poem is indirectly about death. However Tennyson also refers to it directly. The metaphor in stanza three alludes to death.

"And the stately ships go on/To their haven under the hill".

The ship is a metaphor  of life, now gone to its rest. The poet speaks about the hand that vanished and the voice that is still. The opening stanzas make no such reference to the poet's dead friend, but merely prepare the reader for it. Another direct reference to death of the day: "But the tender grace of a day that is dead/will never come back to me".

Elegy:-

The elegy is one of the most popular poetic forms during the Victorian period. It is a form of the poetry that laments the dead or the past. This poem is elegiac. It is one of many poem that Tennyson wrote in response to the death of a close friend.

Figure of Speech:-

Rhyme Scheme:-

In the stanza, the rhyme scheme is abcb.

Metaphor:-

The ship is a metaphor of life.

Personification:-

"A day that is dead".

Synecdoche:-

It is a figure of speech in which the part of something refers to whole as in "But for the touch of a Vanished hand, and the sound of a voice that is still".

Paradox:- 

IT is a statement that is apparently contradictory as in touch of a Vanished hand, and " the sound of a voice that is still".

Thinking Activity- Importance of being Earnest

 

Here I am share my views on "The Importance of being Earnest" subtitle "A serious Comedy for Trivial People", Wilde decided to change it to ''A Trivial Comedy for Serious People" this blog my classroom activity. Let started with why change  subtitle Wilde in his comedy. 

" The importance of being Earnest is exquisitely trivial, a delicate bubble of fancy, and it has its philosophy... That we should treat all the trivial things of life, very seriously, and all the serious things of life with sincere and studied triviality".

- Oscar Wilde from a January 1895 interview with. Robbie Ross published in the st. Fames guzette.

Oscar Wilde's play The  Importance of being Earnest derives much of its comic and thematic way in which it inverts the values of everyday life. This play is presented the serious issues in comic way. Serious topic like that death, love and religious. Examples like Algernon proposed to Cecily that time she say:

"Today I broken off my engagement with earnest. I feel it is better to do so. The weather still continues charming".

Though Wilde originally gave the play the subtitle A serious Comedy for Trivial People. This is an appropriate subtitle as the play deals with a great deal of triviality and nonsense throughout the play. Wilde show to many aspects of Victorian society in this play. Algernon, Bracknell, Cecily belong to the upper class. Wilde is parodying the normal views of people in the Victorian era, as they focus more on the very minor and unimportant things, highlighting their superficiality. He wanted to make people more aware of the the more important things in life, which he does by parodying the Victorian society views and ideals such as things like religion and marriage. Religious and marriage are usually to things that are  held in very high regards by others, but by mocking them, Wilde is making people aware of how nonsensical they are acting and how stupied they look at times.this is done by the clever usage of epigrams, paradoxes, irony and sarcasm.

One main idea that Wilde constantly voices throught the play is the superficiality of the upper classes, mainly the female. Lady Bracknell, main female character in the play, is the caricature of the upper classes. This character is very attentive in this play. She also love with money and she decided to his daughter marriage only for the good mam in financial status, and  he belong to good family. She focuses mainly on things that are trivial and does not show too much interest in thing that are important. And Bracknell is interviewing jack, to see if he is fit to wed her daughter Gwendolen, the first question she asks it not something essential, such as a political views or a question about his employment. She starts the interview with a completely trifling jack smokes or not. The last question she poses to him is of his birth and family. Other examples like that the Gwendolen and Cecily love only for name Like Earnest. Not the named of Earnest we are denied the marrid Jake and Algernon. This is very serious issues present with comic way. Jack and Algernon try to a convincing to find your love with real name but we  are failed. 

Of  Wilde openly and publicly insulted them by reffering to them as "trivial  people" they would not attend and might even react more forcefully. Despite his efforts, however, people did indeed realise he was Calling them trivial though his comedy and in part this caused the play to be banned.

Here I am end of my writing is subtitle a series comedy of trivial people, and Wilde changed the title it to a trivial Comedy for serious people it is very appropriate this play.

Thankyou.

Thinking Activity- The Rover by Aphra Behn's

  

The Rover or The Banish'd Cavaliers is a play in two parts that is written by the English author Aphra Behn. Now the deal those below questions though my understanding.

# Angellica Considers the financial negotiations which one makes before marriying a prospective bride the same as prostitution. Do you agree?

Two things I clear that now:

Prostitution:-

Occurs when one person provides another person with sex or sexual service for money.

Marriage:-

Is when two people decide to change their legal standing from two seperate individuals to a family unit. Sex usually enters into the relationship being the most common way to produce offspring but also because it feels good, but marrige isn't about providing services in exchange for sex.

Now  'The Rover' Angellica Bianca is a renowned courtesan who changes 1000 crowns a month for her companionship. She hanged an advertising poster outside her home and prides herself on the power she has over men. 

Angellica makes a good point marriage and prostitution are both relationship that are customarily contingent, to varying degrees, upon financial considerations. They are of course not entirely the same, but it would seem hypocritical to denounce one and participate in the other.

The point of this statement is to acknowledge that marriage can be just as a moral as prostitution if one considers placing a monetary value on love the reason behind prostitution's a morality.

Class and money:-

The Rover Cavaliers constantly becam the fact that they do not have sufficient funds, while Don Pedro picks a husband for his sister based almost solely upon fortune. Angelica, too, is obsessed with money, and must crucially decide whether she will give her heart, to willmore for free, or hold out for the highest bidder. In fact the theme of money and love often become intertwined in the play, as characters speak each other credit. The world in which they live is a capitalistic one and money pervades even the most emotion of issues.

 Angellica rightly say that the financial negotiations which one makes before marriying a prospective bride the same as prostitution. Aphra Behn's show real pictures of the society in Victoria era. Money is most important for the marriage. More money and richest people are mostly live happily and financial condition is most important for the marriage.