सदियों पुराना काव्य विश्लेषण

 Hello friend!

I am student of English department, MKBU. Here I am share my view point on thise Hindi poem सदियों पुराना this task given by our prof. Dilip Barad Sir.

 Here this poem:-

 Title:- सदियों पुराना 

तुम्हारे भीतर है

सदियों पुराना 

एक खूसट बूढ़ा

जो लाठियां ठकठकाते

अभी भी अपनी मुंछों को

तेल पिलाते रहता है

आखिर तुम कैसे

उसकी झुर्रियों के जाल से

बाहर आ पाओगी

तुम्हारे भीतर है

हमारी छटपटाती

भूखी इच्छाएं

खूनी वासनाएं

इन सबके बीच

आखिर कब तक

रह पाओगी

तुम वह मीठा झरना

जिसमें तैरती हैं

मछलियां

किनारे पर जिसके

पड़ी होती हैं सीपियां

तुम्हारे भीतर है

सदियों पुराना 

एक खूसट बूढ़ा

जो लाठियां ठकठकाते

अभी भी अपनी मुंछों को

तेल पिलाते रहता है

आखिर तुम कैसे

उसकी झुर्रियों के जाल से

बाहर आ पाओगी

तुम्हें बंद करने होंगे

वे सारे दरवाजे

जो खोल रखे हैं

उस खूसट बूढ़े ने

आखिर कोई कैसे

सदियों तक अपनी जमीन

बंधक रहने दे सकता है 

पहली बार पढ़ने से कुछ समझ नहीं पाई क्या कहना चाहती है इस काव्य। बाद में दो तीन बार पढ़ने से पता चलता है , बूढ़ा खुसत कोन है? यही पर कविने पुरुषवादी समाजकी कल्पना की है। बाहर आ पाओगी जैसे शब्द से पता चलता है कि यही पर स्त्री या नारी के बारेमे बात की है।

पहले फकरे में स्त्रीसशक्तिकरण के बारेमे बात की है।  एक खूसट बूढ़ा जो लाठियां ठकठकाते अभी भी अपनी मुंछों को तेल पिलाते रहता है। यह बात से पता चलता है की स्त्री की स्थिति आजभी दयनीय है। पुरुषप्रधान समाजमे आजभी उसको स्वयं निर्णय लेनेके लिए फ़्रीडम नहीं दी गई। स्त्रीका जीवन अंधेरोमे बीत रहा है। उसी लिए आज स्त्री को जागृत करने के लिए प्रेरित किया जा रहा है। दंगल जैसी फिल्मों में स्त्री का रोल दिखाया गया है फिरभी यही स्त्रीओ के सामने आज भी कही पुरुषवादी सोच पीछा नहीं छोड़ पाती।

तुम्हारे भीतर है

हमारी छटपटाती

भूखी इच्छाएं

खूनी वासनाएं

ऐसे शब्दों से पता चलता है के पुरुष प्रधान समाज में स्त्री केसे जि पाएगी? रास्ते के हर मोड़ पर उसे कठिनाई का सामना करना पड़ेगा। वो इतनी भी सक्षम नहीं होगी के वो  अकेले सामना कर सके। ऐसी सोच रखने वाले लोग उसे कमजोर मानते है। उसे एक नाजुक  मछली समझ रहै है। स्त्रीको सशक्त होना पड़ेगा। ऐसी सोच को दिखाया गया है।

स्त्री को आज ३३% हर क्षेत्र में अनामत दि जाती है? उसे हम कह सकते है की स्त्री को हम शसक्त कर सकेगे? यह प्रश्को ध्यान से दिखे तो पता चलता है की यह उसका अधिकार है या दया?

एक उदाहरण के रूप से दिखेतो मुझे एक बात याद आती है, मैंने कही पर पढ़ा था कि एक पुरुष स्त्री सशक्तिकरण सब्जेक्ट पर भाषण देकर घर पर आता है और पूछता है उसकी पत्नी क्यों घर पर नहीं हैं। ऐसी वास्तविकता देखते पता चलता है की आज के समय में हम मॉडर्न तो हो  गए है; किन्तु विचारो से नही। क्यो स्त्रियों के मामले में आज भी कोई फ़्रीडम नहीं? 

 आखिर कोई कैसे

सदियों तक अपनी जमीन

बंधक रहने दे सकता है 

अंत पंक्तियों पढ़ने से पता चलता है की, स्त्री को सशक्त होना पड़ेगा। कब तक वो अपनी आवाज को बंध कर पाएगी? सारे बंधनोको तोड़ कर अपना रास्ता उसे खुद बनाना पड़ेगा।

मेरी लिखी हुई काव्य पंक्तिमें से एक पंक्ति;

"आग आने से नही डरती हूं; 

अपनों से डर जाती हूं।"

स्त्री खुद सशक्त बन सकती है; जो वो अपनी आवाज खुद सुने और प्रयास करे।

Here wind up my interpretation on this poem. This poem interprete in my point of view and understands level to this poem.

धन्यवाद।।

Movie Screening - Vita and Virginia by Chanya Button

 Hello readers!

I am student of the English department. And this blog of movies screening Vita and Virginia by Chanya Button. Let's discuss about the little thing in the story of the Orland.

I was excited to watch the film based on Virginia and Vita Sackville West true story of  their relationship. And Virginia talk about the 20th century middle aged women relationship. And talk about the gender transition and society are accepted to this kind of relationship. Both are married and both are attracted to woman not any male that is questions on society and this kind of relation not accepted. She tells the women emotions through the Orlando novel based on Vita life.

Let's discuss about the some questions based on this novel Orlando. 

How far do you feel that Orlando is influenced by Vita and Virginia’s love affair? Does it talk only about that or do you find anything else too?

I find out this kind of relation on Orlando novel. Orlando is the protagonist of the novel and he confused about his identity. Orlando was sleep in seven day and after wake up that time he not he but he bacame a woman. That time he not surprised and she wrote the Poetry of the Oak tree.

The relationship of Virginia Woolf and Vita suckvill west has gone down in literature history and even today it holds a fascination, epitomizing the allure of the unconventional the bohemian, the slightly eccentric and excotic.

On December 15, 1922, Virginia Woolf recorded in her diary that she had met;

"The lovely aristocratic Suckville west last might at cloves not much to my severer taste..all the supple ease of the Aristocracy but not the wit of the artist"

She was  write of Vita, who would go on to became her lover, friend and confidant. their  affair has inspired biographies a west end play.

Who do you think is confused about their identity Vita or Virginia? Explain with illustrations

Another question of the Vita and Virginia identity. Both are confusion her identity. Virginia is a work to the own publication and earn money. She is a independent woman and married. And nother Vita is best friend of the Virginia. And she tell to Virginia writer on her own story. She met Virginia, Vita was thirty years old and established author,  having published several volumes of poetry and fiction with more commercial than literary success.

Vita met the virginia and she attended to her and desire to spent night. She writes many letters in Virginia and many time Virginia not accept her proposal and one day Virginia bacame depressed and she desire having sex in her friend Vita. Whole emotion are not presented her real identity and both joined in relationship. Both are not aware about true identity. 

They both in open marriage in western society. Their relationship spans across passionate intimarcy and numerous letters. Untill it morphs into a life long friendship.

What is society’s thought about women and identity? Do you agree with them? If Yes then why? If no then why?

Yes! I agree this views on the society thought about the woman and identity. We are know to the Mary Ann Evens she wrote a literature in her pen name George Eliot. She published her work that time worte her pen name because the Victorian society think about the woman can not write of anything. And not write own name her own work  only for the writing literature only for male. Virginia Woolf, she stand for the right of woman, education is basic need for the woman. Why the woman not went to university and take the degree. And she started to went university and write a literature.  Mary Shelly, she first successful woman to earn money for her writing.

We are know the in this modern era to give to liberty, freedom for woman can write, read and published own literature. And woman can increase your identity in the society and society take to respect of her own identity.

What are your views on Gender Identity? Will you like to give any message to society?

Gender roles in society means how we’re expected to act, speak, dress, groom, and conduct ourselves based upon our assigned sex. For example, girls and women are generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and nurturing. Men are generally expected to be strong, aggressive, and bold.

Write a note on the direction of the movie. Which symbols and space caught your attention while watching the moive?

It hardly makes for scintillating cinema, even given the whiff of scandalousness with which Button and Atkins lay out the stages of Vita and Virginia’s relationship: flirtation, seduction, consummation, then a kind of sisterly companionship. Only Isabella Rossellini, playing Vita’s mother — so shocked by her daughter’s previous fling with the socialite Violet Trefusis — manages to convey anything like drama. Even a subplot addressing Virginia’s psychological breakdowns, probably because of bipolar disorder, plays out with an air of clinical detachment, and does little to engage the audience or shed light on who these women really were. An on-screen title card at the end of the film refers to Woolf’s 1941 death, strangely, without mentioning that it was suicide.

"Vita and Virginia" had to be made into Bollywood Adaptation, who do you think would be fit for the role of Vita and Virginia?

Vita and Virginia had to be a made into Bollywood adaptation than I choose to role of Vita by Jacqueline Fernandez and Virginia than i choose by Sonam Kapoor.

Thinking Activity- The Setting Of 20th Century Literature

Hello friends!

I am student of the English department. Here my thinking Activity task given by our prof. Let's discuss about the some little bit understanding on those questions.

Dystopian Literature:- 

Let's discuss about the dystopian fiction.

 Defination :-

we are known to the two type of fiction: like Utopian and Dystopian Fiction. Let's difined two term: Utopian fiction portrays a setting that agree with the authority ethos, having various attributes of another reality intended to appeal to readers. Dystopian fiction offers the opposite, the portrayal of setting that completely disagree, with the author's ethos.

Characteristics of a Dystopian Society

• Propaganda is used to control the citizens of society.

• Information, independent thought, and freedom are restricted.

• A figurehead or concept is worshipped by the citizens of the society.

• Citizens are perceived to be under constant surveillance.

• Citizens have a fear of the outside world.

• Citizens live in a dehumanized state.

• The natural world is banished and distrusted.

• Citizens conform to uniform expectations. Individuality and dissent are bad.

• The society is an illusion of a perfect utopian world.

History of Dystopian fiction:-

 The history of Dystopian fiction can be traced back to reaction of the French revolution of 1789, and the prospect that mob rule would produce dictatorship. The beginning of technological Dystopian fiction can be traced back to E.M. Forster's " The Machine Stops". It is a best example of the Dystopian fiction. He is widely accepted as a "pioneer of the Dystopian literature. M Keith say that the both text like "The Machine Stops" and "Brave New World" are "the great texts of the genre of Dystopian fiction, both are show vividness of their engagement with real-world social and political issues, and in the scope of their critique of the societies on which they focus. 

Another important figure in Dystopian literature is H. G. Wells, whose work "The Time Machine"(1895) is also best example. These works fiction were interwoven with political commentary : the end of the world war II brought about fears of impending third world war and consequent apocalypse. Modern Dystopian fiction draws not only on topics such as totalitarian governments and anarchism, but also pollution, global warming, climate, health, the economy and technology. Modern Dystopian themes are come In the young adult genre of literature.

Most famous English author George Orwell, he published as Nineteen Eighty four in 1949. As a warning against totalitarianism. The chilling Dystopian made a deep impression on readers, and his ideas entered mainstream culture in a way achieved by very few books. The books title and many of its concepts, such as. Og brother and the thought Police, are instantly recognised and understood, often as bywords for modern social and political abuses.

# The Setting of The 20th Century English Literature.

This is another question and l deal with few points on those question.

The Setting of The Twentieth Century English Literature:-

 This question is very interesting. The haft a century seperated the end of Queen Victoria's reign from the beginning of the Queen Elizabeth II's. The first fifty years of twentieth century the haman race moved through remarkable series of upheavals than during perhaps fifty generation past. Man was master in physical world, and this time scientific revolution which has been the outstanding feature of this century. And most interesting fact is the youth are attracted to mass production and youth are manipulated. Student as active political partisans, but in Britain untill the middle of the present century it had been accepted that the first duty of students is study not a political partisans. Because the study of literature few things are .ore interesting than to consider the periodic change of outlook which say the human mind and spirit. Young Men and Women during 20th cen. Looked back upon the Victorian age. From 1901 to 1925, English Literature was directed by mental attitudes, moral ideals and spiritual values almost the opposite extreme to the attitudes, ideals and values governing Victorian literature.

These were the watchwords of his creed. He let slip no opportunity to challenge the Voice of Authority and the Reign of the expert. With equal assurance, he interrogated economists, artists, doctors, educationists, politicians, scientists, religionists; and the effect of his writings was to spread abroad for at least a generation the interrogative habit of mind.

The Fabian Society :-

 The Fabian Society had been founded in 1884 for the general dissemination of the knowledge as to the relation between the individual and society in its economic, ethical and political aspects. Shaw and Wells were the .ost prominent creative writers and early members of the society. Second World Wars, the growth of mass production method in industry created deep concern among sociologist and interest in the objects produced and a threat of death to craftsmanship. Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot 1955, Jame Joyce's Ulysses and T.S. Eliot The Waste Land. There are important works.A characteristic of the period was the prevalence of contempt for authority, shown in what can only be called bustard satire. Satire is perhaps the most valuable and potent social and political corrective, and as such it demands intelligence and understanding of what is satirized.

Here end of my blog to discuss most important topics. 

Thank you!!

Wordsworth's Preface

 Hello friends,

Here is my blog in the Wordsworth's Preface. This task is my thinking activity. I tries to some light on the topic. I watched short six videos and now some interpretation here.. let's start..

I understand to the difference between the Romanticism and classicism. Romanticism we find the certain dominance other things. Most famous poet like Wordsworth, Keat, Shelley ect. There are against the instead intellect we find imagination is most important. Another part of classicism. It was considered to Neoclassical and they beloved in intellectual their poetry. And Dryden's is more prominent figure in this era. So many differences both era. 

Romanticism started in Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge published "Lyrical Ballads" on 1798. Coleridge is also against in his friend and write a letter and Wordsworth's give reply in his friend. This topic deeply discuss on the below question.

I understand what is poet?  Idealism of French revolution.  This revolution give to good effect on England. It is great impact of social life of England and all the poet's, writers and thinkers they were greatly influenced by the ideals as french revolution. After we find the Oscillation. It is a reactionary process. Slow and gradual development to new society of the 19th and 20th century.

Let's discuss about the some important questions on the Wordsworth preface.

# what is the basic difference between the poetic creed of "Classicism" and "Romanticism"?

We are know that the past era effected in present era. Here both ere like Neoclassicism and Romanticism different some Trends. Neoclassical followed the classic rules and Romantic against the classic rules.  

Neoclassical restrained was the rulling world they belived that they should restrained. And romantic poets they did not belived in any kind of restrained, they beloved in liberty, freedom. It means we find there is free play of emotions, passion and imagination. They believed to poet free to express in the way he like.

Neoclassicism is they followed the classic masters like Aristotle, Plato, Socrates. Romanticism their turn for the inspiration not to the classical master but the mediaeval poets and writers. Mediaevalism was preveriled during romantic period.

Neoclassical period represent city of urban life. Romantic poet represent is the rustic life of the countryside and common people.

Romantic poets belived in the subjectivity and Neoclassical poets objectivity that good poetry should be objective. So that was the difference between Neoclassicism and Romanticism.

# why does Wordsworth say 'what is poet? Rather than who is poet?'

Wordsworth's Preface, he says:

"A poet is a man speaking toan, endowed with more lively sensibility".

Which means poet although the Romantics place a lot of importance on the inherent talent with in a person to come up with poetry. Poetry is kind of talent. It missing in general people but a poet is a person who certainly does not come from any other planet.

A poet is a man speaking to men. Endowed with more lively sensibility, more enthusiasm and tenderness. Who has a greater knowledge of Han nature and more comprehensive soul. Who rejoices, more than other men in the spirit of life, habitually impelled to creative volitions, passions and situations where he does not find them.

It is opinion on the Wordsworth want is poet rather than who is poet.

# what is poetic diction? Which sort of poetic diction is suggested by Wordsworth in his preface?

This is third and last question of my interpretation on answers. 

Poetic diction means is choice of words. Which leaders unique style for each individual poet or author.

 Wordsworth's published "Lyrical Ballads" for the first time in 1798. He offered that anthology as an experiment and he said that he is not really satisfied by what goes on in the ne of poetry. He attracting the Neoclassical mode of writing poetry. In the preface he mentions that diction was ne thay was highly  unnecessarily ornament and consequently.

Wordsworth taking a kind of an arguments against them. He is interested in writing these poems and lyrical Ballads as really used by men.

This statement of the Wordsworth and first controversy and his friend Coleridge. He disagreement with Wordsworth poetic diction. He actually question that my dear friend Wordsworth, what do you actually means by language really used by them. Real men, implying that are the people. Wordsworth has an answer in the preface. He say that he finds humble and rustic life. The humbleness in countryside life  and the rustic life to be with emotions which are more genuine. therefore he is trying to capture in words really used by men.

"The language as really used by mem".

After Wordsworth give very interesting example  through own poem Michael. Michael is a farmer and he  is amidst narure. Who lived in country life. You are not talking about real life as real in the sense that happens with everyone. Therefore neither your choice is real man nor the diction a language. Truly speaking what you say really used by those men. this whole suggested by Wordsworth in his preface.

Whole discussion between the Wordsworth's Preface and  difference between Neoclassicism and Romanticism, understand of poetic diction and who is poet through Wordsworth preface.

Thank you..

T.S. Eliot's Tradition and Individual Talent

 Hello Friends!

I am share views on T.S. Eliot essay "Tradition and Individual Talent" based on sin shorts video. This task given by our prof. Barad Sir. Let discuss,

First i understood the T.S. Eliot contemporary critic and inThe 20th century is two most famous name are:

- I.A. Richards 

-T.S. Eliot.

Both works is very important in this field of criticism. anothers critic like: 

- first is Allan Tale, whose important work is Tension in Poetry.

- second is J.C. Ransom, whose famous work is The New Literature. And

- third is Cleanth Brooks, whose famous work Language of Paradox.

Next, I learn the concept of tradition and how to associated tradition on individual talent.  Tradition which cannot quite a few thing and individual is a living a life, believed in certain principles and carry out a way or life. 

According to Eliot:

"No poet, no artist of any art, has his complete meaning alone, his significance, his appreciation is the appreciation of his relation to the dead poets and artist"

This is brief introduction of some video's and after deeply understand though video on  those questions given by the task and i completed more interpretation on those answers in below. Let's see those questions:

#what is the relationship between "Tradition" and the "Individual Talent" according to the poet T.S. Eliot?

Dictionary meaning of Tradition:-

"The transmission of customs beliefs from generation to generation or the face of being passed on in this way"

This essay divided in three sections:

- Tradition and its importance of historical sense.

- Poetic process- not an expression but an escape from personality.

- Shifts attention from author to text.

First part Eliot examines the relationship of any particular poem or poet. In the poetic tradition in which that poets works or in which that poem is written. Second part he talks about relationship between the poem and the poet. And third part he talks about the shift in the emphasis from the author to the text.

Eliot mention that one means tradition often, in the sense of the traditional. He speaking from the a modern critic point of view. There is tention between some favour of morden and some favour of tradition. Traditional means it nation, country to try to preserve their tradition, culture and handed down from generation to generation. 

In this essay he uses such words as surrendering to the tradition, sacrificing one from self and those come again as an opposite to romantic. He puts great deal of responsibility however on the individual author and like Eliot himself. Read his poem u find the in a way become aware of anthropology, French symbolist poetry. Individual talent does not cut itself away from the tradition. Eliot as  is mentioned in the essay is already and existing monument and individual. Individual make his/her own place within that existing long history tradition. All this things According to Eliot.

#Explain "Some can absorb knowledge, the more tardy must sweet for it, Shakespeare acquired more essential histories from plutarch that most men could from the whole British museum".

This quote given by T.S. Eliot. He described the Shakespeare view. Shakespeare say everyone has tobe very well read, every creative artist and coming down to the modern reader. He biography there is no mention that he went to university. Shakespeare has not higher education. Eliot anticipated that somebody with question him. Eliot come to say Shakespeare seems to have then absorbed his age and not only his age from chroniclers and historians writing in his age in english. Eliot say a littel more than Shakespeare would become the true individual that the Romantics were taking about.

# How would you like to explain Eliot's theory of depersonalization? You can explain with the help of chamical reaction in presence of catalyst agent, platinum.

I discuss to the T.S. Eliot making some reference to a chemical reaction. It is very interesting because it tries to bring in the element of science and vigor of science into humanities and arts.

Eliot's refers to in the laboratory. The formation of sulfuric acid, which is our H2SO4. It requires ingredients sulfur trioxide, so3 and water but it most important of equation and catalyst not take place. The catalyst during his time was platinum. Today it called the vanadium is being. Eliot is mentioning this is a strip of platinum that has also there and reaction otherwise this will not formed. He say reaction and how to reaction to the mind of the poet, the creative mind. Which is the man who suffers and the mind that creates a different. It u read the essay and this is distance that a poet has to create according to Eliot.

 To sum up the T.S. Eliot essay on Tradition and Individual Talent.  Here we find my interpretation of those questions and answers.

Thank you..

Dryden's Essay on Dramatic Poesy

Hello friends, 

This thinking Activity is a part of academic study of Dryden's "Dramatic Poesy" here I watched six vedioes base on this topic and I try to interpretation on my understand all this things. 

Why Dr. Samual Johnson called Dryden the father of English criticism?

Dryden was Neoclassical critic. Dr. Samual Johnson also called to Dryden the father of the English criticism. It means the Dryden was the founder of the English Criticism. But Philip Sidney is first and after Dryden but Sidney's work was published after his death, edited by his sister Mary Sidney. Compare to that Dryden's has quite more and he also defined of the play and basided his of Dramatic Poesy. Which gives the position of the father of criticism to Dryden.

Dryden as Neoclassical critic:-

He belong to the Neoclassical age and also known as critic. He influence are Aristotle, longinus and many other classical critic. Dryden given the defination but that time he not offering to a defination, he saying that I am offering a description. Dryden also influenced of the Aristotle's defination of Tragedy.

Definition by Dryden:-

"A just and lively image of human nature, representing it's Prassions and humours and changes of fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of manking".

The debate between critic & Eugenius's views on the superiority of the ancients and the moderns in of te Dramatic Poesy:-

Eugenius who favour the moderns over the ancients argued that the modern excced the ancient because of having learned and profited from their example. He campare to Elizabethan to the Neoclassical. Eugenius is not blind to good things in the Elizabethan himself. He's pro- classicist, he honors the classicist model.

Lisideius the representative of the conservative tory and his views in favour of the French plays:-

Lisideius who argues that French drama is superior to English drama. Lisideius argument also is very much taking its falling in place. After the classical morden. Neoclassical contrast the English practice is also becoming very appropriate.

Let discuss other thing in seperate questions.

# Do you any difference between Aristotle's defination of Tragedy and Dryden's defination of the play?

Yes, Dryden defination divided in three parts like:

-A just and lively image of human nature.

-representing it's prassions and humours and chages of fortune to which it is subject.

- delight and instruction of mankind.

Dryden defined word image, another word just can also be a very drab kind of an image. So, reader, viewers might not be very interested in it and he inserts the word livel also.

Aristotle's defination of Tragedy ended with therapeutic word 'catharsis'. He says that tragedy is an imitation of an action. He believed that there is natural pleasure in imitation. 

# what would be your preference so far as poetic dialogues are concerned in the play?

I would like the poetic dialogues are better understanding of the human nature and work of human mind. Poetic dialogues helped to the illiterate, common reader and also used on every people. Poetic language is neither simple nor easy but it complex to understand but poetic dialogues by understand.

# if you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be the side of the ancient or the modern? Plese give reason.

According to me, it is not necessary that modern always tries to copy from the ancient.

"Old is gold"

It means that the ancient idea, thought give to way in modern time. Ancient always trying to go back to some different and inspiration as the modern. And modern takes idea from ancient and tries to present it in a different and unique manner. I prefer to both because ancient and modern are two side of coins any always to tries to support each other.

This whole described questions on Dramatic Poesy by Dryden and i tried to make a easy way to answer those questions.

Thank you!!

Aristotle's Poetics

 Hello readers,

I would like to share my view point on Aristotle's Poetics. This task given by our prof. Barad sir. Let discuss some questions based on Aristotle's Poetics:

# what is your understanding about Aristotle's Poetics?

I am watching six videos base on Aristotle's concept of poetry, catharsis, plot, tragic hero..so and so. Let discuss about it.

Aristotle's was very able disciple of the Plato but his thoughts of different from his guru and not agreeing with certain point. Plato belived that poets are immoral because they further immoral depictions, immoral representations. Poets are possessed, they are working in a stance, in frenzy that is also not proper. According to Plato, poets are liars because of the two reasons.

"God's should remain as god's, better than human beings"

It means the gods are represented in a very false manner. God's should remain as god's better than human being. But they are represented as like, human being, sometimes lesser than human beings.so that is one aspect.

Secondly, he belived that the ultimate real world is an unchanging world. Human can not control by the reality and  poet do that. Poets bring about a change in the unchanging, universal truth through the depiction that why Plato say the poet's as liars.

Aristotle belived that:

"Poetry is not coping but 'Making'"

Poetry is not really coping but it is making so that is where the word poet comes from the Greek Poiein.

Poet- come from the        Greek root.

Poien- to make.

Primarily poetry for Aristotle represents a reality in a very useful way. So if Plato accuses the poet's that they represent wrongly and negative influence of the people. Aristotle put in other argument:

" Poetry represents reality in a useful way from which we can learn e.g. action of the good man which are worth emulating".

Let's discuss some meaning of the Term:-

Minesis:-

It is a critical and philosophical term that carries a wide range of the meaning. Which include 'imitation', 'the act of expression's etc..

Hamartia:-

It means an error which is derived from ignorance of some fact or circumstance. It is often translated as 'tragic flaw'.

Aristotle tragedy divided in six separate parts like:

Mythos- Plot 

Ethos- Character 

Dianoia- Thought 

Lexis- Diction 

Melos- Melody/Songs 

Opsis- Spectacle.

Plot is most important of the Aristotle tragedy.  It is called to the plot is the soul of Tragedy. Plot is the ordering of the action. Then represents that imitates man in action and capturing of man in action is the soul of drama or soul of Tragedy.

Let's discuss about other questions in my understanding way;

# With reference to the literary texts you have studied during B.A. programme, write brief note on the texts which followed Aristotlelian literary tradition (i.e. his concept of the tragedy, catharsis, tragic hero with hamartia etc.)

"All My Son" is best example to followed by the Aristotlelian literary tradition. This play written by Arther Miller. It is an American play, set in typical, suburban twon in the backyard of the family home. In this tragedy represent of the terrible crime that Joe Keller Committed, killing 21 innocent pilots and aslo murder of his son only for making more money. This then leads to the final tragedy of the play, keller's abrupt suicide.

Here, Joe Keller is presented in tragic hero in the play. Joe Keller can be described as being tragic because his whole life dedicated to his family.he destroyed not only his own life but also the life of his son. He makes the mistake of lying about the cylinder head incident and this incident he lost his son and 21 innocent Pilot. Joe was hungry for the money and profiteering this is hamartia by the Joe Keller. He constantly justifies his actions by everything he does it for his family. He intention opposite to the society.

#With reference to the literary texts you have studies during B.A. programme, write brief note on the texts which did not follow Aristotlelian literary tradition. ( I.e. his concept of tragic hero with hamartia, tragedy, catharsis etc.).

The Hariy Ape by Eugene O' Neil is considered as modern tragedy because it is not conventional in Aristotlelian tradition. 

Aristotle say that the hero of a tragedy must be exceptional individual a man of high rank, a king or a prince but here the Yank, the hero of 'Hairy Ape' is not a king a man of the high rank. He is not king, Prince or the extra ordinary human being. He is common stoker, he is the power which makes the ship go.

There is no tragic flow. Yank is the tragic hero in the play but in different way. He doesn't suffer from any fault of his own, but he conflict with his environment with certain social force that are much stronger than he. here society is the real villian. Yank after being insulted experience a great conflict with in himself as well as with outside force. so this is the tragedy of common man which is not following the rules of the tragedy of Aristotle.

# Have you studied any tragedies during B.A. PRogramme was/were the tragic protagonists in those tragedies? What was their 'hamartia'?

Othello is tragic hero whose hamartia is jealousy. He is a powerful leader and deeply loved his faithful wife Desdamona. Othello is make trust on Iago at some extention, who is responsible for the downfall of Othello, he not think in own mind but blindly followed his friend Iago and killed his innocent wife based on his Jealousy.

Here end of my views on Aristotle's Poetics and other questions of the how many tragedy followed the Aristotle concept of the Tragedy.

Thank you.